فلسفہ نماز اور مکافات عمل

Prayer [al-Ṣalāh] is the second most important pillar of Islām. This is the ritual which is supposed to be offered by all the Muslims, who come of age and are sane, regardless of their status and wealth. Following the acceptance of Islām, offering Prayer is the foremost obligation of a Muslim, which is considered the prime manifestation and the testimony of his or her practical submission to Allāh and His religion, Islām. Faith in Allāh is the foundation of Islām, in the same way, Prayer is the practical foundation of Islām. Therefore, the Prophet (S. A. W) laid stress on the significance of Prayer, the most. Only those, who are steadfast in their Prayers and safeguard them are really aware of its importance, and only they can expect from Allāh to give them their reward, thus, they are the true believers. The importance and reality of Prayer can be understood only by that person who is well aware of this relation between man and Allāh and only he can feel its true spiritual pleasure. The effects of Prayer are prominently visible in the daily life of Muslims. The history of Prayer is as old as the religion itself. Its concept has been a part of all the religions, however, they have different ways to perform it. In this paper, the author explores the Islamic academic sources to ascertain the importance and the status of Prayer in Islām. Also, he explores its history, the tidings and remuneration of Prayer and of the rites and rituals belonging to it, e. G., Mosque, Āzān, Iqāmat, Rukū‘ (to bow down), Prostration, Maintenance of Ranks, etc.

Exploring Students and Teachers Beliefs About Student Leadership and How Educational Processes Foster or Hinder the Development of Student Leadership Skills in Two Private Secondary Schools of Karachi, Pakistan

The notion of student leadership is an emerging trend in the field of education. This notion emerges from democratic classrooms. A student leader is seen as one who finds his / her voice for contribution in school activities. Researchers believe that students are co-responsible in the learning process in schools. If schools give the opportunity to students to develop leadership skills and value their voice, this can also enhance the process of learning in schools. A general impression is that schools consider students as empty vessels and there are few opportunities for students in developing countries. Therefore, this study explores the students' and teachers' beliefs about student leadership and how educational processes foster or hinder the development of student leadership skills in two private secondary schools of Karachi, Pakistan. The data was collected through qualitative research method, including semi-structured interviews, observations, focus group discussions, analysis of relevant documents, and field notes. For this purpose two student leaders and two non-leader students from each school were selected and one teacher from each school was also selected as the primary research participants. Principals from both schools were selected as secondary research participants. The findings reveal that student leadership is perceived as a position occupied, and a skill to lead a group of people having commanding abilities. Student leadership is also considered as fame, and as a quality which leads to occupying a position of leadership. The study also found that schools provide many opportunities to develop student leadership skills. These opportunities are empowering students, valuing their voices, and involving students in the process of decision-making. The study found parental interference and workload of students as hindering factors in developing leadership skills in students. It was also revealed that schools try to provide curricular and co-curricular avenues to develop student leadership inside and outside the classroom. They make a conscious effort through the school vision and activities both curricular and co-curricular to instill leadership skills in their students.