Pakistan is a third world country with more than 162 million population. It has varied strata of life with multidimensional livelihood strategies. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. It has employed 44.8% of the work force. More than 51% of the country’s population comprises of women. Rural women play a significant role in various arenas of life. Ordinary farm women are the main players in sustaining life activities both at home and farm. They are active participants in agriculture, livestock management and poultry husbandry, also their participation in community development and social relations are recognizable. Whereas in livestock production they look after animals and do primary veterinary care. They also have to perform the domestic chores of cooking, cleaning the house, washing clothes, foster the kids and getting water and fuel supplies for domestic usage. Although they perform all of the above mentioned tasks, however, due to lack of resources, information, and technical guidance, they have to face difficulties to meet the challenges of the time. On account of their diverse preoccupations they lose their life time opportunity of education, nutrition, medicare and security. Due to lack of skill enhancement training, they are lagging behind in crop production, livestock management and post harvest operations resulting low yield of the crops and poor quality of the produce. To probe into the matter, a study was designed. The target area was District Bahawalpur which consists of five Tehsils namely Hasilpur, Bahawalpur, Khairpur Tamewali, Ahmadpur East and Yazman. Out of which two Tehsils were selected randomly and five union councils from each Tehsil were also randomly selected. From each selected union council 2 villages were selected randomly. From each selected village 20 women, who were engaged in agricultural activities, were selected through random sampling, thus making a total of 400 respondents. The data collection were effected under a pre-tested interview schedule designed for this purpose. The data thus collected, were analyzed and interpreted to draw the conclusions and to suggest measures for improvement. The results revealed that the majority of the women were involved in crop production activities such as cotton picking, wheat harvesting and drying of agriculture produce at the ordering of 1st, 2 nd and 3 rd respectively. In livestock sector, activities like whey making, milking, milk storage are the top three activities performed by women. The study also depicted an encouraging response against gender bias in fields like education and training. Most of the women (i.e., 375) selected daily training format for their skill enhancement. Instead of sociological constraints of the area, the dire need of the women is training and education in crop production activities, livestock management, poultry production and drying of fruits and vegetables.
سیّد محفوظ علی بدایونی مرحوم اسی مہینہ میں ۲۰؍ اکتوبر کو ایک اور پرانے ادیب سید محفوظ علی صاحب بدایونی مرحوم نے فالج کے مرض میں انتقال کیا، مرحوم بدایوں کے ایک قدیم اور شریف خانوادہ کی یادگار علیگڑھ کالج کے ممتاز تعلیم یافتہ اپنے دور کے نامور ادیب اور علی گڑھ منتھلی، اولڈ بوائے، دکن ریویو، نقیب اور ہمدرد کے دور اول کے ممتاز لکھنے والوں میں تھے اور اس زمانہ میں ان کے مضامین بڑے ذوق و شوق سے پڑھے جاتے تھے، وہ سنجیدہ اور ظریفانہ دونوں طرز کے شگفتہ نگار ادیب تھے، غالباً متفرق مضامین کے علاوہ کوئی مستقل قلمی یادگار نہیں چھوڑی، ادھر برسوں سے علم و ادب کا کوچہ چھوڑ کر خلوت گزینی کی زندگی اختیار کرلی تھی، وہ ابتداء سے بڑے دیندار اوظاہری وضع و قطع میں بھی پابند شریعت تھے، ناواقف شخص ان کو دیکھ کر انگریزی تعلیم یافتہ ہونے کا گمان بھی نہیں کرسکتا تھا اور یہ رنگ برابر گہرا ہوتا گیا، آخر میں بڑا ذوق و شوق اور بڑی کیفیت پیدا ہوگئی تھی اور اسی پر ان کا خاتمہ ہوا، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس طالب آخرت کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے، ہماری پرانی بزم ادب کی شمعیں ایک ایک کرکے بجھتی جاتی ہیں، جو باقی ہیں وہ بھی شمع سحر ہیں اور جب تک ہیں غنیمت ہیں، ان کے بعد یہ روشنی بھی نظر نہ آئے گی۔ مرحوم مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے زمانہ میں علی گڑھ میں پڑھتے تھے، اس نسبت سے ان کو میرے ساتھ بھی یک گونہ محبت سی تھی اور خصوصیت کی ملاقات مرحوم دوست مولانا عبدالماجد صاحب بدایونی کی وساطت سے ہوئی اور ایسی ہوئی جو ان کے اخیر لمحہ تک قائم رہی، وہ اپنے مذہبی انقلاب کا ایک عجیب ظریفانہ واقعہ بیان فرماتے تھے۔ ایک دفعہ گرمیوں میں وہ علی گڑھ...
Peace has always been a fundamental need of humanity and social beings. Despite of all the worldly, scientific and materialistic progress in almost every domain of life, eternal peace is missing. Peace education is a process of achieving peace, at personal, inter-personal, national and international levels, through education, focusing on promoting universal brotherhood, fraternity, global citizenship and the culture of peaceful co-existence. This article aims to institutionalize peace education and culture at secondary government schools of Lahore, Pakistan. A questionnaire focusing on peace education and inculcating of peace culture was used for data collection. The data revealed peace education is implicitly taught but it is not practiced in schools and hence, is not part of school curriculum. Also peace culture-related activities are missing in the school curriculum and there is a dire need of such activities.
In current research work, locally grown citrus wastes (peel and bagasse) were characterized through compositional analysis followed by preparation of citrus waste enriched fruit leather. After that, biokinetic trial was carried out to evaluate the prophylatic potential of citrus waste with special reference to hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia on Sprague Dawley rats. In this context, chemical analysis proved that citrus peel is an excellent source of inorganic matter. Regarding the phytochemical profiling, citrus peel as well as bagasse showed highest activity in methanol extract followed by ethanol and water. On the other hand grapefruit peel and bagasse proved to have maximum polyphenols followed by oranges and musami. The methanolic extract of grapefruit peel showed maximum values of TPC 206.53±6.82 mg GAE/ 100 g, Flavonoids 83.06±2.74 mg QE/100 g, DPPH 62.80±2.07%, antioxidant activity 58.13±1.92%, ABTS 10.35±0.34 µmole TE/g, iron chelation 18.54±0.61%, superoxide anion 34.62±1.14% and hydrogen peroxide 55.90±1.84%. The same trend was observed in the methanolic extract of grapefruit bagasse. Furthermore, the bioactive entities, hesperidin and nobiletin quantified through HPLC showed maximum hesperidin in methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and bagasse i.e. 28.51 and 7.40 mg/g in peel and bagasse respectively. Similarly, the nobiletin was maximum 9.92 mg/g in methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and 2.78 mg/g in methanolic extract of grapefruit bagasse. On the basis of in vitro analyses and HPLC quantification methanolic extract of grapefruit peel and bagasse were selected for the preparation of citrus enriched fruit leather that was further used in bio-efficacy trail. Accordingly two types of fruit leathers were prepared using methanolic extract of citrus peel and bagasse @ 5% against control. The prepared fruit leather was assessed for physico-chemical analysis, antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation on monthly basis during storage of four months. During storage interval pH, acidity, TPC and DPPH changed significantly however, all other parameters changed non-momentously. The hedonic response of citrus enriched fruit leather showed that the best results were obtained by T1 (fruit leather with 5% grapefruit peel extract) followed by T2 (fruit leather with 5% grapefruit bagasse extract) and T0 (control fruit leather). After that, the valuation of hesperidin was evaluated by the biokinetic trial of experimental rat modeling. The biokinetic study was comprised of three studies i.e. normal study (study 1) fed on chow diet, hypercholesterolemic study (study II) fed on chow diet with 1.5% cholesterol and hyperglycemic study (study III) feeding on chow diet with 40% sucrose. All the studies were further divided into three groups categorized on the basis of diet. 1st group fed on control fruit leather, 2nd on fruit leather prepared with 5% grapefruit peel extract and 3rd on fruit leather prepared with 5% grapefruit bagasse extract. During the 60 days efficacy trials, the feed intake & drink intakes along with body weight changed significantly. Moreover, in hypercholesterolemic study (study II) the cholesterol level decreased momentously as 14.42% and 10.65% by grapefruit peel extract (T1) and grapefruit bagasse extract enriched fruit leather (T2). Likewise, the LDL level was 60.62±2.24 mg/dL in control group that reduced to 51.93±1.92 in T1 and 54.05±2.00 mg/dL in T2. Moreover, the grapefruit waste impart non-significant effect on HDL however, triglycerides level decreased 11.34% by T1 and 10.40% by T2. The same trend was observed in hyperglycemic study (study III) in which glucose level decreased from 141.53±4.95 to 116.90±4.09 mg/dL by grapefruit peel extract enriched fruit leather and 128.52±4.15 mg/dL by grapefruit bagasse extract enriched fruit leather. Similarly, the insulin level increased 10.32 and 5.07% in T1 and T2. The liver functioning tests as AST, ALT & ALP and kidney functioning tests (urea and creatinine levels) remained non-significant in all the studies by the supplementation of both fruit leathers. Moreover, neither grapefruit peel extract enriched fruit leather nor grapefruit bagasse enriched fruit leather impart any harmful effect on the biochemistry of blood as proved by the hematological analyses. Conclusively, it is stated that citrus wastes based fruit leathers are effectual to mitigate health related disorders.