المذهب الحنفي, نشأته, أطواره, استقراره, كتبه وطبقاته

In this article different era of ╓anaf┘ School of thought is discussed in which it is mentioned that ╓anaf┘ School got the general acceptance among people after the initial three stages of its Origination which lays the foundation of its Evolution and Promotion. First era is known as the era of “ Zahir ul Riw┐yah” renaissance starts from Hazrat Imam Ab┴ ╓an┘fa and moves on up to his disciple Hassan L┴lo’ (204 A.H.). There is no book found under the authorship of Imam Abu Han┘fa but his disciple R┐shid Al Mohammad has written various books. Some famous renowned books under the authorship of Im┐m Muhammad are Al J┐m‘ Alkab┘r (الكبري اجلامع, (Al J┐m‘ Al Sagh┘r (الصغري اجلامع, (Al Siyar Al kab┘r(الكبري السري, (Al Siyar Al Saghir(الصغري السري, (Al Mabs┴t(املبسوط (and Al Ziy┐d┐t(الزايدات.(Second era is known as Mas┐’l-e Naw┐dir. Books like Al-Kais┐niy┐t(كيسانيات َال, (AlH┐r┴niy┐t(اهلارونيات, (Al-Jurj┐niy┐t(رجانيات ُ اجل (and AlRuqiy┐t(ياتَّق َّ الر (are written under the authorship of Imam Muhammad during this era are consists of new topics that are not mentioned in the written books of earlier period.

Salicylic and Abscisic Acid Induced Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Selected Wheat Cultivars under Heat Stress

High temperature is a crucial abiotic stress which limits yield in crop plant especially in wheat (Triticum aestivum) at post anthesis stages. Salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) are the plant growth hormones which act as signaling molecules and confer stress tolerance in crop plants. Five wheat cultivars namely Pakistan-2013, NARC-2009, GA-02, Inqalab-91 and BAJ were assessed under heat stress by applying SA and ABA through seed priming and foliar application under field and in-vitro conditions. Effect of terminal heat stress on wheat was evaluated in filed by normal and late sowing. Normal sown crop escaped the terminal heat stress; while in late sowing, terminal heat stress negatively affected yield related traits and reduced yield by 25%, SA and ABA seed priming improved the grain yield 17% and 13% respectively. During in-vitro evaluation, exogenous SA and ABA application reduced the effects of heat stress, seed primed plants of both the hormones showed 13% and 15% higher yields under heat stress than the control. Heat stress affected physiological traits and reduced cell membrane stability, leaf relative water content, and total chlorophyll content. Foliar application of SA enhanced membrane stability, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content by 32, 23 and 22% respectively and reduced the electrolyte leakage by 16%. Among the biochemical traits accumulation of soluble sugars, protein, proline content, hydrogen peroxide content and malondialdehyde content in the cells was increased, and antioxidant enzymatic activities were up-regulated under heat stress. Further 37, 74 and 87% elevated soluble protein, proline and soluble sugar content was observed in response to SA foliar. SA foliar application reduced hydrogen peroxide content and malondialdehyde content by 42 and 39% respectively. xxii Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activity was doubled under heat stress in response to SA and ABA seed priming as compared to control. Protein profiling and expression analysis was carried out for NAC transcription factors in response to heat stress and hormonal application. Several different heat shock proteins ranging from 50 to 98 kDa were produced under heat stress and in response to hormonal application in all selected cultivars. A novel heat shock protein of 60 kDa was expressed in NARC-2009 in response to salicylic acid seed priming whose sequence analysis identified it as a chaperone protein, RuBisCO large subunit-binding protein subunit alpha and beta (CPN-60 α and β). NAC transcription factors showed varied response to heat stress and hormonal application in all cultivars. Transcript level of TaNAC6B was higher under salicylic acid application in heat stress, and TaNAC67 was up-regulated by both salicylic and abscisic acid application during heat stress. TaNAC2D was up-regulated in NARC-2009 by salicylic and abscisic acid seed priming and by SA foliar application in GA-02. TaNAC6B, TaNAC67 and TaNAC2B showed higher transcript level in BAJ under all hormonal applications under heat stress. The expression of NAC transcriptional factors in response to salicylic acid and abscisic acid priming confirmed the positive role of these two hormones in enhancing tolerance against heat stress in tested wheat varieties including BAJ. These findings may be used to screen wheat cultivars through expression analysis against heat stress, develop heat tolerant cultivars and to improve performance of existing wheat cultivar against heat stress through hormonal priming.