طاہر نظامی
طاہر نظامی(۱۹۵۰ئ۔پ) طاہرؔ تخلص کرتے ہیں۔ آپ پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ معروف شاعر خدا بخش مضطرؔنظامی کے بیٹے ہیں۔۱۹۸۲ء میں رائٹرز فورم سیالکوٹ نے آپ کو بہترین شاعر قرار دیا۔ (۱۰۸۰) آپ کی پہلی غزل ماہنامہ ’’حرم‘‘ لاہور میں اور پہلی نظم ’’اردو زبان‘‘ سرگودھا میں شائع ہوئی۔ طاہر کا شعری کلام ’’فنون‘‘،’’اوراق‘‘،’’ادبی دنیا‘‘ ،’’ادبِ لطیف‘‘،’’نیرنگ خیال‘‘،’’نیا دور‘ ‘،’’الفاظ‘‘ ،’’نقش‘‘ اور تحریریں میں شائع ہو چکا ہے۔ ’’بلا جواز‘‘ طاہر کا ایک غیر مطبوعہ شعری مجموعہ ہے۔ زیر ترتیب نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ فرمائیے:
چلوں تو پیچھے سے جیسے کوئی بلائے مجھے
جو مڑ کے دیکھوں تو کچھ بھی نظر نہ آئے مجھے
میں دشمنوں سے بھی ملتا ہوں دوستوں کی طرح
جسے یقین نہیں آتا وہ آزمائے مجھے
تری طلب نے جدا کر دیا ہے خود سے مجھے
میں کیا ہوں، کون ہوں، اتنا کوئی بتائے مجھے(۱۰۸۱)
تتلیاں اڑ جائیں گی جب خوشبوئوں کے شہر کو
کانچ کا گلدان پھولوں سے سجتارہ جائے گا(۱۰۸۲)
محبت سے تہی دامن بشر اچھا نہیں لگتا
مجھے سوکھا ہوا کوئی شجر اچھا نہیں لگتا
مجھے پردیس میں یارِ وطن بے چین رکھتی ہے
مگر جب گھر پلٹتا ہوں تو گھر اچھا نہیں لگتا(۱۰۸۳)
Western mind always remains muddled to fathom the Islamic belief “Prophethood” but it is grand reality that the West has contributed a lot in “Sirah Writing” from 17th to the present age. Although, in primary literature, Western scholars have delineated their abhorrence in this regard, without any research analysis. They usually used to twist the facts and misinterpret the text in attempt to sustain their assumption under their own perception. In the present age, literary change is seen in Western Writings that scholars have admired categorically the demonstrative Personality of Mohammad (PBUH) as well as they have praised his attributes as authoritative leader, Reformer, Peace maker etc. It will discuss the changes which were seen in Western writings about Sirah and analysis the causes and facts accordingly. It will also throw light on the Western assumption about Prophet Muhammad (PBUH); which has been prevailed in their writings before 19th even changed now. Islam is religion of Peace and Prophet of Islam has sent as” Blessing for All the Universe” from God Almighty so the question is what are the motives to bring forward theses western suppositions in this regard and at what extent it will affect? It will be discussed through comparative analysis among the Sirah books by Western Scholars Maxim Rodinson, Karen Armstrong and Michael Cook.
The objective of the current project was to establish an economical method utilizing peels of kinnow (Citrus reticulata) and lemon (Citrus limon) for decolorization of synthetic dyes and industrial effluents. Firstly, both peroxidases extracted from Citrus reticulata (CRP) and Citrus limon (CLP) were characterized in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The optimum pH for both the enzymes was determined to be 6.0 whereas the temperature optima were 55 and 45 0 C, respectively for CRP and CLP. The values of K m and V max for guaiacol oxidation for CRP were recorded to be 0.66 and 380 μmol/mL/min, whereas for CLP they were recorded as 2.70 mM and 2222 μmol/mL/min, respectively. Results regarding thermostability showed that both enzymes were fairly stable at 60 0 C but at 80 0 C, CRP retained 58 % while CLP retained 37 % of its activity after 60 min. The energy of activation for thermal denaturation was found to be 95.85 and 77.27 kJ/mol for CRP and CLP, respectively. Metal ions like, Mg 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Al 3+ and one of the surfactants, Lemon max behaved as activator whereas Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Hg 2+ , Triton X-100, Tween-80, SDS, Brite total, Surf excel, Rin behaved as an inhibitor for both CRP and CLP. Besides this, inhibitory effect of urea, sodium azide and EDTA was also reported for both CRP and CLP. Secondly, both the enzymes were utilized for degradation of synthetic dyes. Using CRP, 88.92 % decolorization was achieved for Remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR) at pH, temperature, enzyme dose, H 2 O 2 , dye and p-coumaric acid concentarion of 4.0, 35 0 C and 18 U/mL, 0.125 mM, 50 mg/L, 0.1 mM, respectively within 5 min. Whereas for Golden yellow PRA (GYPRA) pH of 2.0, temperature of 40 0 C, enzyme does of 24 U/mL, H 2 O 2 concentration of 0.375 mM dye concentration of 100 mg/L and vanillin concentration of 0.05 mM were determined as optimum to attain 95.98 % decolorization within 5 min. On the other hand, CLP decolorized 85.97 % of Brilliant yellow (BY) and 96.34 % of Crystal violet (CV) respectively at pH 5.0 and 4.5, temperature 50 and 45 0 C, enzyme dose 24 and 42 U/mL, dye concentration 18.75 and 7.5 mg/L, syringaldehyde 0.025 mM and p-coumaric acid 0.5 mM, at 0.25 mM H 2 O 2 with in 10 and 5 min. The degradation products of BY and CV were also identified by LC/MS analysis. The optimizations and interactive effects of pH, enzyme dose and dye concentration for % decolorization of all four dyes were also investigated by RSM through CCD. The CLP was also employed for complete degradation of two effluents under the optimized conditions of pH 2.0 and 3.0, temperature 45 and 40 0 C, enzyme dose 18 and 24 U/mL and time of incubation of vi20 and 60 min, respectively for Effluent 1 and 2. Finally, phytotoxicity of the effluents and their degraded samples was also evaluated for Zea mays. It was observed that the degraded effluent samples were less toxic than the original ones.