مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ
مراتب علی اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر
تغیر و تبدل انسانی زندگی کا خاصہ ہے اور تخلیقِ آدم سے ہی شاید یہ سلسلہ شروع ہو گیا تھا۔اگر مختلف تہذیبوں کی تاریخ کا مطالعہ کیاجائے تو یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ تہذیبوں کی تبدیلی کے ساتھ ساتھ زبان وادب بھی متاثر ہوتا رہا اور اس میں بتدریج تبدیلیاں ہوتی رہیں۔یہ ایک مسلمہ حقیقت ہے کہ ادب معاشرے کو متاثر کرتا ہے اور معاشرہ ادب پر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔ اُردو زبان بھی ابتدائی دور میں فارسی ادب سے زیادہ متاثر ہوئی۔ اُردو کی ابتدائی شاعری کے مطالعہ سے پتا چلتا ہے کہ ہمارے شعراء نے بھی وہی گل وبلبل کے قصے اور محبوب کی بے وفائی کو شاعری کا موضوع بنایا۔ اگرچہ مرزا مظہر علی خاں کو بعض ناقدین اُردو شاعری کی کثافت کو کم کرنے کا معمارِ اوّل سمجھتے ہیں اور میرتقی میرؔ نے بھی یہ دعویٰ کیا تھا۔
اِس بات پر تمام ناقدین متفق ہیں کہ اُردو شاعری میں جدت کی بنیاد مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ نے رکھی۔ اگرچہ اِس سے پہلے نظیر اکبرآبادیؔ بھی شاعری کو اُمرا کی محفلوں سے نکال کر غرباء کے مساکن اور گلی محلوں تک لے آئے تھے۔ مگر حالی وہ شخصیت ہیں جنہوںنے اس بنیاد پر بہت بڑی عمارت کھڑی کردی۔ مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ اس حوالے سے ’’مجموعہ نظم حالی‘‘ میں جدید اردو شاعری میں فطرت نگاری، مقصدیت اور سادگی کو شاعری کا لازمہ قرار دیتے ہیں۔(۱)
مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ سرسید کے رفقائے کار میں سے تھے اور سرسید احمد خان کے نظریات، فلسفہ اور اصلاحِ قوم کے...
It is a matter of fact that development of principles and the legal maxims of Islamic jurisprudence is a gradual process; it took more than a century. These principles and maxims are extracted from the Holy Quran, Hadith and the judgments or sayings of companions of Holy Prophet. This article presented the various examples of principles which were produced by companions of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him), so that people know the origin of this filed of knowledge.
The exponential growth of smart mobile devices and sophisticated mobile data transmission that is mobile technology. For instance, 4G and mobile commerce are receiving much attention from the practitioner and researchers that has opened new horizons and of course, it provides a platform that enables business community for the interaction of brand-consumers. Experts has claimed that the combining the traditional business with wireless technology that is mobile commerce services has changed the global business environment and introduced the new trends for business transactions. Marketers are focusing on the strategies that how consumers can access their brands and how they target to the specific segments of users especially to the young consumers. Regardless of the previous researches that has conducted by scholars over the last two decades on the adoption behavior of mobile commerce in a field of marketing and IT, further empirical investigation is required to explore the derives that motivate the consumers to adopt the mobile commerce services. The objective of present research is to investigate the determinants that effect the adoption intentions of mobile commerce in a Pakistani consumer market. For this purpose, the current study has extended the well-known technology acceptance framework that is Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology-model 2 (in short UTAUT2) by the addition of three individual characteristics dubbed personal innovativeness, self-efficacy and trust for examining the individual differences and their capabilities that may help to understand phenomena of adoption intention of mobile commerce. Data has collected from nationwide from the students of business schools that have accredited at NBEAC through self-administered survey. The data set help in testing the hypothesized model empirically. Self-administered questionnaires are distributed that were 680 in total from which 627 responses are received that has represented the response rate of 92.21%. The received quantitative data have analyzed through multivariate analysis (structured equation modeling) in doing so, measurement model and structural model have developed to test the proposed hypotheses in AMOS v23. Supplement analyses have also applied to test the mediation and moderation effects. Findings of the study have strongly supported the hypothesized model and proposed hypotheses; specifically, results show that all the seven mobile commerce in Pakistani consumer market. Implications for theory and practice are given and limitations have discussed along with the guidelines for future research that open new avenues for researchers.