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Home > Thermal, Kinetic and Morphological Studies of Available and Synthesized Pyrotechnic/Propellant Compositions and Their Ingredients

Thermal, Kinetic and Morphological Studies of Available and Synthesized Pyrotechnic/Propellant Compositions and Their Ingredients

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Sciences & Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Energetic Materials Engineering

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10106/1/Zaheer-ud-Din_Babar_Materials_Engineering_HSR_NUST_2016_04.04.2017.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727606679

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The work presented in this thesis is focused on the thermal, kinetic and morphological studies of various pyrotechnic/propellant compositions and their ingredients. A lot of research work has been carried out in the field of explosives; however, there is a lack of theoretical understanding and experimental work concerning the reaction kinetics of the pyrotechnics. The published work in the field of pyrotechnics presents some individual studies concerning different aspects such as thermal behaviour, kinetics and aging of the pyrotechnic compositions and their ingredients. The present work is a concerted effort to provide an insight into the thermal behaviour, kinetics, aging and morphological aspects of pyrotechnics/propellants. For this purpose, differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetery have been mainly used along with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction for accomplishment of the present work. The comparison of thermal cum kinetic behaviour of five different oxidizers that are commonly used in various pyrotechnic/propellant compositions was carried out. Next, modified barium nitrate with micro porous structure was synthesized using three different vesicants to make it more reliable as a pyrotechnic oxidant. The pyrotechnic composition formulated with the modified oxidizer ignited at a lower temperature as compared to the one formulated with pure barium nitrate. The ignition behaviour of the vesicant modified barium nitrate has not been reported earlier to the best of our knowledge. Moreover, thermal and kinetic behaviour of ammonium perchlorate has been improved by catalyzing it with a small amount of nano magnesium oxide catalyst. The results indicate that the two distinct decomposition stages of the pure ammonium perchlorate merged with each other and reduced to a single stage. Furthermore, the reaction rate constant of the catalyzed AP also increased significantly. Pyrotechnics and propellants are inherently associated with some potential safety hazards and are therefore required to be investigated for their stability and decomposition kinetics. The thermal, kinetic and ignition behaviour of three pyrotechnic mixtures has been investigated in detail to elucidate the mechanism of ignition of these fuel oxidizer mixtures and to assess the thermal stability and reactivity. Temperature and humidity are amongst the important factors that influence the shelf life and ignition behaviour of the pyrotechnics. The effect of aging on two commonly used military pyrotechnics has been studied. The investigated compositions include SR-524 and SR-562 pyrotechnic compositions. The results indicate that aging of the pyrotechnic compositions at extreme conditions of temperature and humidity changed their thermal behaviour, kinetics, chemical composition and the surface features. The last part of the thesis describes in-depth kinetic analysis of three different versions of the composite solid propellant. Magnesium oxide and zinc oxide nano particles were used as catalysts to alter the performance of the composite propellant. The kinetic analysis has been carried out by Kissinger method, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method, Friedman method and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method. The results indicate lowering of the decomposition temperatures in the catalyzed versions of propellant. The kinetic analysis showed increased reactivity of the catalyzed versions of the propellants. In a nut shell, the work presented in the thesis provided new insight into the thermal, kinetic and morphological aspects of propellants and pyrotechnics vis-a-vis their enhanced reactivity through incorporation of vesicants and nano catalysts, coupled with aging studies, to help design formulations for specific requirements wherever required.
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خالق کی عنایت ، ورفعنا لک ذکر


خالق کی عنایت ’’وَرَفَعنا لَکَ ذِکرَک‘‘
مخلوق پہ سبقت ’’وَرَفَعنا لَکَ ذِکرَک‘‘

منشائے خدا روزِ ازل سے یہی ٹھہرا
اللہ کی چاہت ’’وَرَفَعنا لَکَ ذِکرَک‘‘

اک خالقِ کونین تو اِک رحمتِ کونینؐ
کیا خوب رفاقت ’’وَرَفَعنا لَکَ ذِکرَک‘‘

سننا بھی عبادت ہے تو پڑھنا بھی عبادت
قرآن کی آیت ’’وَرَفَعنا لَکَ ذِکرَک‘‘

قرآن کے اوراقِ مقدّس کے علاوہ
ہے لوح کی زینت ’’وَرَفَعنا لَکَ ذِکرَک‘‘

ہر سمت یہی ایک صدا گونج رہی ہے
کونین کی وسعت ’’وَرَفَعنا لَکَ ذِکرَک‘‘

ُحُب دار ؛ محبت سے عطا کرتا ہے عرفاںـــؔ
محبوبؐ کو رفعت ’’وَرَفَعنا لَکَ ذِکرَک‘‘

خلق التسامح أصل دين الإسلام والسبب الرئيس في انتشار دعوته

This research shows the value of tolerance in Islam, which is the basis of the ethics of the religion of Islam. This great value has created the bonds of love and harmony between Muslims and all human beings. This was the main reason for spreading the message of Islam to various parts of the world without coercion. There have been many attempts to accuse Islam of intolerance, terrorism and intimidation. Hence, this research is concerned with showing the truth about the ethics of Islam and its noble high values.  To achieve the desired goal, the research was divided into an introduction, a preface, three chapters and a conclusion.  The introduction addressed the importance of the topic and the reason for its selection. In the preface, the meaning of the word "tolerance" was shown and compared with the Quranic words used in this topic. In the first chapter, the researcher deals with the value of tolerance is the origin of Islam. It characterized the Prophet Muhammad (prayer and peace be upon him). The second chapter says tolerance is the cause of the spread of Islam, and the voluntary entry of people into it. The third chapter shows that tolerance is the root of solving problems and resolving all forms of conflict between nations, individuals, parties and groups. The researcher in conclusion suggests the most important findings and recommendations.

Transgenic Expression of Insecticidal Toxins under Different Promoters for the Control of Insect Pests.

Insect pests are the major reasons for low yield in agricultural crops. Crop losses due to insect pests can be as high as 25 %, depends upon the climatic conditions and other factors; several strategies have been adopted for the control of insect pests. Recently developed biotechnological applications, several transgenic plants have been developed for insect resistance. Bacillus thuringiensis is one of the most successful examples of insecticidal toxins being used for insect control (especially bollworms). Sucking pests are also major cause of reduced yield in agricultural crops. Sucking insects suck the cell sap from the phloem tissues of plants and also act as a vector for virus transmission. Recent trends in agriculture towards reducing pesticide use and bringing ecological sustainability have led to increased interest in spiders as potential biological control agents. Spider venoms are complex cocktails of toxins that have evolved specifically to kill insects. Spider toxin (Hvt) gene from the Australian funnel web spider which is a calcium channel antagonist has been expressed in tobacco plants to develop resistance against some major insect pests (Bollworms). In the present PhD research work, the main focus was to develop resistance against major insect pests; American bollworm (Heliothis armigera) and mealybug (Phenococcus solenopsis). Different gene constructs were prepared and transformed in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) through Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation. Spider toxin (Hvt) gene was cloned under phloem specific RSs1 and RolC promoters and lectin gene from onion Allium cepa L agglutinin (ACA) and kallar grass Leptochloa fusca (LfL) was cloned under 2X35S promoter. PCR, Southern hybridization and real time qPCR analysis showed successful transformation and expression of insecticidal toxin genes in N. tabacum. Insect bioassays of transgenic plants were carried out in the laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Results showed 93.75 and 100 % mortality of H. armigera larvae when fed on detached leaves from transgenic tobacco plants expressing spider toxin (Hvt) gene under RolC and RSs1 promoters within 72 hour respectively. H. armigera larvae released on the detached leaves of transgenic plants expressing lectin gene from kallar grass and onion under 2X35S promoter showed, as 75 and 81.25 % mortality within 72 hours respectively. No mortality of H. armigera larvae was observed on the detached leaves of non-transformed tobacco plants up to 72 hours. Transgenic plants expressing spider toxin under RSs1 and RolC promoters gave good resistance against P. solenopsis on detached leaves; 68.75 and 75 % and on live transgenic tobacco plants 70 and 62.5 %, up to 10 days respectively. Transgenic plants expressing lectin gene from onion and kallar grass under 2X35S promoter showed high level resistance against nymphs of P. solenopsis on detached leaves; 87.5 and 81.25 % and on live transgenic plants; 90 and 87.5 % mortality of P. solenopsis within 10 days respectively. No mortality of P. solenopsis was recorded on non-transformed (control) tobacco plants up to 10 days. This study described expression of Hvt gene under RSs1 and RolC promoters and lectin gene under 2X35S promoter. Both genes are helpful for controlling chewing insects like H. armigera larvae and sap-sucking insect like P. solenopsis. This study has a potential for developing insect resistant transgenic crops. These crops can reduce the use of harmful pesticides, fuel use, input cost and yield losses, while increase profitability and enhance biodiversity and save the environment.