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Home > Thermodynamical Behaviour of 1-1 Strong Electrolytes in Water, Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Water- Dimethyl Sulfoxide Mixtures.

Thermodynamical Behaviour of 1-1 Strong Electrolytes in Water, Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Water- Dimethyl Sulfoxide Mixtures.

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Zamir, Talat

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-I-Azam University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2004

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/439

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727606845

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The densities, viscosities and relative viscosities of solutions of several univalent electrolytes Lithium bromide (LiBr), Sodium bromide (NaBr), Potassium bromide (KBr), Rubidium bromide (RbBr) Cesium bromide (CsBr) and reference salts tetra butyl ammonium tetra phenyl borate (BU4NBPh4 ), tetra butyl ammonium bromide (BU4NBr) and potassium chloride (KCl) were measured over the entire range of concentration at 25 oC to 45oC in pure DMSO, pure water and DMSO- H2O binary mixtures. Data was analysed by Jones-Dole equation to determine ion –ion interactions (the A- coefficients), ion- solvent interaction, (the B- coefficients) for alkali metal bromides in pure DMSO, pure water and DMSO- H2O binary mixtures. The values of A- coefficients were small and almost positive in all the cases. The values of B- coefficients were large and almost positive of all the salts in DMSO and DMSO- H2O mixtures, which showed the structure making abilities of the salts in DMSO- H2O mixtures at all the five temperatures. The values of viscosity B- coefficients were found negative for KBr, RbBr and CsBr in pure water at all the five temperatures, which showed the structure breaking abilities of the salts while the values of viscosity B- coefficients of LiBr and NaBr in water at all the five temperatures were found positive and behave as structure makers. iv The viscosity B- coefficient data was further splitted into ionic B- coefficient for non-aqueous solvents by using Gill and Sharma’s convention and Gurney’s convention into ionic B- coefficients for aqueous solvent systems. From ionic B- coefficient data it was observed that in pure DMSO all the alkali metals have strong structure making abilities. It was also observed that these structure making abilities were decreased with the increase in ionic radii or temperature. While in aqueous solvents (DMSO- H2O) mixtures the structure forming capabilities were weakened and structure breaking abilities were appeared at all temperatures. In pure water except Li+ and Na+ all the ions showed the structure breaking properties, which increased with the increase in temperature. The data obtained during this study was found in good agreement with those values which were already available in literature. The Transition state parameters such as free energies and energies of activation for viscous flow have been calculated for the whole solvent system. From the present study it is concluded that the energy of activation of viscous flow is influenced by the concentration and the size of the solute particles. So the energy of activation of viscous flow for CsBr is greater than for RbBr, KBr, NaBr and LiBr in DMSO and DMSO-H2O mixtures. It is also observed that the energy of activation of viscous flow are greater for alkali metal bromides in water than in DMSO due to the presence of a network of hydrogen bonds in water. For the free energy of activation for viscous flow, it is observed that the free energy of activation for viscous flow increases with temperature.
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محمد عباس اثرؔ

محمد عباس اثرؔ(۱۹۰۱ء۔پ) کا اصل نام محمد عباس اور اثرؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ اثر ؔراولپنڈی میں پیدا ہوئے۔ سیالکوٹ میں بزمِ افکار کا احیا کیا اور اس بزم کے صدر بنے۔ اثر سیالکوٹ میں حلقہ اربابِ ذوق کے ممبر بھی منتخب ہوئے۔ آپ نعت‘ غزل‘ نظم اور قطعات لکھتے تھے ۔(۳۴۴) اثر روایتی شاعر ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری توحید و رسالت‘ یاسیت اور دردو غم میں ڈوبی ہوئی ہے۔ نمونۂ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:

آج کچھ اور حال ہے دل کا

 

/بجھ رہا ہے چراغ محفل کا

 

-اک بگولہ اٹھا سرِ منزل

 

-اڑ رہا ہے غبار منزل کا

 

3غم کی کونپل نگاہ سے پھوٹی

 

/کوئی ٹوٹا ہے آبلہ دل کا

 

5آندھی اٹھی اثرؔ بڑھاؤ قدم

 

/بجھ رہا ہے چراغ منزل کا

(۳۴۵)

 

کیا سناتے انہیں ہم حال سنایا نہ گیا

 

درد محسوس تو ہوتا تھا دکھایا نہ گیا

 

اور تو رنج کئی ہم نے اٹھائے لیکن

 

رنج بے مہری احباب اٹھایا نہ گیا

(۳۴۶)

/شکستِ غم آرزو درد بن کر

 

میرے دل کو رہتا ہے اکثر لپیٹے

 

اثر میں نے اشعار میں ضبطِ غم سے

 

3سلگتے ہوئے چند آنسو سمیٹے

(۳۴۷)

Integration of Madrassh Islamic Seminary Education With Formal Education System in Pakistan: Challenges and Opportunities

ABSTRACT: Extremism remains the main concern for global security after 9/11 event. Western countries consider the religious intolerance in Muslim countries as a source of prevailing extremism. Pakistani Madaris (seminaries) are considered as a place for indoctrination of extremism and intolerance. The questions need to be addressed that why and how religious students tended towards extremism. The evidence shows that in Pukhtoon Society; the traditional social institutions of Hujra (Community center) and Jumaat (Mosque) relationship is also affected in post Afghan Soviet war. Hujra (Pukhtoon Community centre) which is traditionally the main supporter and financer of Jumaat (Mosquereligious institution) ; now seems to be overpowered by the religious institutions after getting trained and motivated organized Taliban (students of Indigenous Islamic Education System) and financial freedom after Afghan Soviet war. In this paper the question of legal status given to Taliban and their education status by the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is discussed. For exploring to answer this question both primary and secondary sources of data are used. The study concluded that no properly defined legal status exists for the millions of Taliban graduates in the state; and the aspired streamlining efforts of Madaris with formal education are non productive and ineffective. Even the supreme court of Pakistan is unanswered about the legal status of these graduates. Legislators elected in 2002 National Election faced cases in Supreme Court of Pakistan of their ineligibility based on the in¬ equivalency of their Madaris Sanad (Degree) to the formal University Degree of Pakistan. Government of Pakistan tried to mainstream Madaris education with formal education system of Pakistan, through changing their curricula which is all time resisted by Madaris. It is concluded at the end of the study of integrating Madaris education with formal education system in vertical arrangement rather than in horizontal or lateral arrangement (change of curriculum and amalgamation of courses etc.) . The approach of Vertical arrangement acknowledge the importance and value of both systems and provide benefits to the stakeholders in large. Different modalities are discussed in this paper.

Impact of Floods in Pakistan: Historical and Socio-Economic Perspective 1970-2010

The present study is an effort to put in plain words a concise chronological analysis of the shocking impact of floods caused by massive flooding striking the land mass of Pakistan with regular intervals. The majority of the major inundations in the history of Pakistan resulted in serious socio-economic damages and destructions to the most valuable and precious assets of the country. The study also scans the scope of previous efforts put by other scholars correlated with the impact of floods in Pakistan. The outcomes of merciless floods all over the country were assessed quantitatively of last 37 years (1973-2010). Pakistan has faced 17 floods of various magnitudes- 1973,1975,1976,1977,1978,1982, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 and2010, among which around 50 percent were considered as major floods. This is first time in the history of Pakistan that socio-economic impact of floods have been comprehensively determined and analyzed from most of the available authentic resources. Recommendations have been made to ensure adequate and detailed availability of flooding events and to prevent huge damages in the future.