Nanofluids are engineered colloids made of base fluid and nanoparticles (1-100 nm). The nanoparticles colloids have certain physical characteristics that enhance their importance in industrial applications like ceramics, paints, coatings, food industries and drug delivery systems. These colloids are made of ultrafine nanoparticles. The ultra-high performance cooling is one of the major requirements of present industrial technologies. Metals (Cu, Fe, Al and Au), oxide ceramics (CuO and Al₂O₃), carbide ceramics (TiC and SiC), single, double or multiple wall nanotubes (SWCNT, DWCNT and MWCNT), semiconductors (SiO and TiO₂) and various composite materials are implemented in the production of nanoparticles and are submerged in a working fluid to make them nanofluids. The nanofluids are usually used to overcome the poor thermal performance of ordinary fluids like propylene glycol, water, oil and ethylene glycol. Nanotechnology is very useful in the development of better lubricants and oils. Such consideration is successfully implemented now in field of biomedical engineering like cancer therapy and safer surgery. The boundary-layer flows due to stretching surface are prominent in plastic and metal industries like annealing and thinning of copper wires, drawing of stretching sheets through quiescent fluids, polymer filament or sheet extruded from a dye, manufacturing of plastic and rubber sheets, continuous cooling of fiber spinning, boundary layer along a liquid film condensation process and aerodynamic extrusion of plastic films. There is no doubt that nanofluids have vital role in the heat transfer enhancement. Thus we intend to study the boundary-layer flows in the presence of nanoparticles. It is further noted that two-dimensional flow problems in literature are much studied when compared with the three-dimensional flow problems. Keeping such facts in mind the prime objective of present thesis is to analyze three-dimensional flow problems of nanofluids due to stretching surface. The present thesis is structured as follows. Chapter one contains literature survey of relevant previous published works and laws of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and concentration transport. Mathematical formulation and boundary-layer expressions of Maxwell, Oldroyd-B, Jeffrey and Sisko fluids are provided. Basic concept of optimal homotopy analysis method is also included. Chapter two addresses three-dimensional flow of viscous nanofluid in the presence of Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion. Thermal and concentration diffusions are considered by introducing Cattaneo-Christov fluxes. Novel features of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are retained. The conversion of nonlinear partial differential system to nonlinear ordinary differential system is done through suitable transformations. The obtained nonlinear systems are solved. Graphs are plotted in order to analyze that how the temperature and concentration profiles are affected by distinct physical parameters. Skin friction coefficients and rates of heat and mass transfer are numerically computed and addressed. The contents of this chapter are published in Results in Physics 6 (2016) 897-903. Chapter three explores three-dimensional flow of viscous nanofluid characterizing porous space by Darcy-Forchheimer relation. Both thermal convective and zero nanoparticles mass flux conditions are utilized. The modeled systems are reduced into dimensionless expressions. The governing mathematical system is solved by optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). Importance of physical parameters is described through the plots. Numerical computations are presented to study skin-friction coefficients and Nusselt number. The outcomes of this chapter are published in Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2791-2797. Chapter four examines three-dimensional flow of Maxwell nanofluid. Flow is generated due to a bidirectional stretching surface. Mathematical formulation is performed subject to boundary layer approach. Heat source/sink, Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are considered. Newly developed boundary condition requiring zero nanoparticle mass flux at boundary is employed. The governing nonlinear boundary layer expressions are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential system through appropriate transformations. The resulting nonlinear system has been solved. Graphs are plotted to examine the contributions of various physical parameters on velocities, temperature and concentration fields. Local Nusselt number is computed and examined numerically. The results of this chapter are published in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics-English Edition 36 (2015) 747-762. Chapter five describes magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) three-dimensional flow of Maxwell nanofluid subject to convective boundary condition. Flow induced is by a bidirectional stretching surface. Effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion are present. Unlike the previous cases even in the absence of nanoparticles, the correct formulation for the flow of MHD Maxwell fluid is established. Newly suggested boundary condition having zero nanoparticles mass flux is utilized. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential systems are solved for the velocities, temperature and concentration distributions. Effects of physical parameters on temperature and concentration are plotted and examined. Numerical values of local Nusselt number are computed and analyzed. The contents of this chapter are published in Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 389 (2015) 48-55. Chapter six presents three-dimensional flow of Maxwell nanofluid subject to rotating frame. Flow is induced by uniform stretching of boundary surface in one direction. Novel aspects of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis are accounted. Boundary layer approach is invoked to simplify the governing system of partial differential equations. Suitable variables are introduced to non-dimensionalize the relevant boundary layer expressions. Newly proposed boundary condition associated with zero nanoparticles mass flux is imposed. Uniformly valid convergent solution expressions are developed through optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). Graphs have been sketched in order to explore the role of embedded flow parameters. Heat transfer rate has been computed and analyzed. The outcomes of this chapter are published in Journal of Molecular Liquids 229 (2017) 541-547. Chapter seven examines three-dimensional rotating flow of Maxwell fluid in the presence of nanoparticles. Flow is induced due to an exponentially stretching sheet. Optimal homotopic approach is employed for the solution of governing system. The optimal values of auxiliary parameters are computed. The optimal solution expressions of temperature and concentration are elaborated via plots by employing various values of involved parameters. Moreover the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are characterized by numerical data. The results of this chapter are published in Journal of Molecular Liquids 229 (2017) 495-500. Chapter eight addresses three-dimensional flow of MHD Oldroyd-B nanofluid. Flow is induced by a bidirectional stretching surface. Novel attributes of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are considered. Newly developed boundary condition requiring zero nanoparticles mass flux is employed. The governing nonlinear boundary layer equations through appropriate transformations are reduced into the nonlinear ordinary differential systems. The obtained nonlinear system has been solved for the velocities, temperature and concentration profiles. The contributions of various physical parameters are studied graphically. The local Nusselt number is tabulated and discussed. The contents of this chapter are published in Journal of Molecular Liquids 212 (2015) 272-282. Chapter nine explores magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) three-dimensional stretching flow of an Oldroyd-B nanofluid in the presence of heat generation/absorption and convective boundary condition. A condition associated with nanoparticles mass flux at the surface is utilized. The strong nonlinear differential equations are solved through optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). Effects of various physical parameters on temperature and concentration are studied. The local Nusselt number is also computed and analyzed. The outcomes of this chapter are published in International Journal of Thermal Sciences 111 (2017) 274-288. Chapter ten extends the analysis of chapter eight for Jeffrey nanofluid. The results of this chapter are published in Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 70 (2015) 225-233. Chapter eleven presents bidirectional stretched flow of Jeffrey nanofluid subject to convective boundary condition. Modeling and computations are prepared subject to thermophoresis, Brownian motion and zero nanoparticles mass flux. Computational results for the velocities, temperature, concentration and Nusselt number are presented. The contents of this chapter are published in Journal of Aerospace Engineering 29 (2016) 04015054. Chapter twelve examines combined effects of magnetic field and nanoparticles in three-dimensional flow of Sisko fluid. Nanofluid for Brownian motion, thermophoresis and zero nanoparticles mass flux at surface is adopted. Nonlinear differential systems are solved first for the convergent solutions and then analyzed. The outcomes of this chapter are published in Advanced Powder Technology 27 (2016) 504-512. Chapter thirteen is prepared to extend the flow analysis of previous chapter in presence of convective condition. The results of this chapter are published in Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 413 (2016) 1-8. Chapter fourteen presents the major findings and some possible extensions of presented research work." xml:lang="en_US
اک دفعہ دی گل اے کہ اک پنڈ وچ اک بہت غریب آدمی رہندا سی۔ اوس دے تن پتر سن۔ اوہدے پتر بہت فرمانبردار سن۔ اوہناں دا پیو اوہناں نوں جو کجھ آکھدا اوہ کردے سن۔ اک دن اوہناں کول کھاون نوں کجھ وی نئیں سی۔ اوہناں دے والد نے آکھیا۔ چلو جنگل چلدے آں۔ کجھ جنگلی پھل اکٹھے کر دے آں تے کجھ شکار، اوہناں دے والد نے اپنے وڈے منڈے نوں آکھیا کہ توں جنگل وچ جا کے لکڑیاں اکٹھیاں کر کے لیا۔ دوجے منڈے نوں آکھیا کہ توں اگ لے کے آ۔ جد کہ تیجے منڈے نوں پانی لین لئی گھل دتا۔ اوہ تینوں چلے گئے تے آپ اک درخت تھلے آ بیٹھا۔
اوس درخت اتے ہنساں دا اک جوڑا رہندا سی جو ایہہ سارا کجھ ویکھ رہیا سی۔ ہنس اوہدے کولوں پچھداد اے کہ توں ایہناں چیزاں دا کیہ کرنا ایں۔ تیرے کول پکاون لئی کوئی چیز نہیں۔ ایہہ گل سن کے اوہ جواب دیندا اے کہ اج تہانوں پکانا ایں۔ ہنس آکھدا اے کہ ساہنوں نہ پکا۔ تینوں اک خزانے بارے دسدے آں۔ ایہہ گل سن کے اوہ خوش ہو جاندا اے۔ ہنس آکھدا اے کہ ایس درخت دے تھلے اک بہت وڈا خزانہ دفن اے۔ تسی اوہ کڈھ کے اپنی ضرورت پوری کر لو۔ اوہ بندہ اپنے تنے پتراں نال خزانہ کڈھ دا اے تے بہت سارے پیسے، ہیرے، چاندی تے سونا لے کے گھر آندا اے۔
گھر آ کے اوہ اپنے منڈے نوں آکھدا اے کہ گوانڈھیاں کولوں تکڑی منگ کے لیا تاں جے خزانے نوں تولیا جا سکے۔ گوانڈھی بڑے حیران ہوندے نیں۔ اوہ ویکھنا چاہندے نیں کہ تکڑی وچ کیہ تولیا جا رہیا اے؟ اوہ تکڑی دے تھلے گوند لاہ دیندے نیں۔ خزانہ تولدے ہوئے کجھ...
Background and Aim: Headache is a very common condition worldwide. Cervicogenic headache is a secondary type of headache. Dentistry requires both, the concentration and precision and dentists have to work in constricted zones for extended period of time so it is important to evaluate headache among dental population. The objective of this study was to screen Cervicogenic headache among dentists working in Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore.
Methodology: The Descriptive Cross-sectional study, of 6 months duration, was conducted on 125 dentists. The data was collected from Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Non-Probability convenience sampling technique was used. Dentists working for at least 2 years and more than 5 hours daily, with the known cases of headache were included and those who were diagnosed with any other condition that cause headache like acute sinusitis, High blood pressure etc. were excluded. Data was collected by using cervical Flexion Rotation test whose validity is 0.81. Data was entered by using Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 and the same software was used for data analysis.
Results: The findings showed that, out of 125 dentists, 36.8% (n=46) were male and 63.2% (n=79) were female and cervical flexion rotation test was positive in 30.4% (n=38) dentists.
Conclusion: This study concluded that cervicogenic headache is present in 30.4% dentists working in Lahore Medical and Dental College.
The objective of the present study is to find the determinants of equity market development with a panel data of Developed, Emerging and Frontier Equity Markets. The determinants of equity market include both the quantitative and qualitative factors, whereas the former represents the macroeconomic variables, and the later embodies the governance variables. The study incorporates the panel data set of world stock markets of 70 countries, which are classified by international group of Financial Times Stock Exchanges (FTSE) in three main regions of the world as Developed (25), Emerging (21) and Frontier (24) Equity Markets and period of the study is 20 years starting from 1996 to 2015. Given the panel nature of the data, the econometric methodologies of dynamic Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) has been incorporated to find the significant relationships on subject matter Moreover, the study has incorporated multifaceted statistical methodologies in all three regions of the world stock markets. Despite having different dynamics and resources, there are few similarities but there are some of the stark differences, which lead them to identify their uniqueness. The study finds that effects of economic and governance factors on stock market development are peculiar in nature and quite unique as per the dynamics of that particular region. For instance, the study finds that economic and governance factors are more influential in developed region as compared to emerging and frontier regions which is mainly due to strong institutional quality in the developed countries. The study has formed a composite index of Economic and Governance factors through Principal Component Analysis by using factors for each region of the world equity markets. Afterwards, cross-index of Economic and Governance Factors is formed for exploring the joint effects of these variables. The study reveals that there is strong correlation in these composite indices in the developed region, where as there is no clear pattern in the developing countries. Moreover, there is quite dispersion in the composite data of the developing countries. So, there is no direct correlation in the composite factors of economic and governance in the developing countries. The studies on exploring the direct effects are quite in abundance but the literature on indirect and cross effects of governance and economic factors on the development of stock market are quite scarce. The present study explores the comprehensive direct and indirect effects of governance factors as well as vice versa effects on the development of economy and equity market in all regions of the world equity markets. After the estimation, the study finds that effects of economic and governance factors on stock market development are not only unidirectional, but also bidirectional as well. Particularly, the emerging markets have dual effects on economic and governance factors. The indirect effects of governance through economic factors are significant in developed region and cross effects of governance and economic factors are significant in emerging markets. The vice versa effects of stock market development and economic growth suggests that economic growth is also affected by the development of stock market and governance factors particularly in frontier markets. The reverse impacts of stock market development on the economic growth are quite captivating in which development of stock market also affects the growth of economy in all three regions of the world. In the end, the study recommends that determinants of equity market may not solely based on economic factors rather the significance of governance factors may be taken into account while taking the complete picture of the subject. This study will append the knowledge of prevailing institutional works on equity markets and economy as well. Moreover, the formation of composite indices for governance and economic factors for all the regions of developed, emerging and frontier markets may append the existing knowledge database of financial markets.