مولانا بدر عالم میرٹھی
دوسرا حادثہ مولانا بدر عالم صاحب میرٹھی کی وفات کا ہے، مرحوم مولانا سید محمد انور شاہ کاشمیری رحمہ اﷲ کے شاگرد رشید اور ہندوستان کے ممتاز عالم تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی دینی علوم خصوصاً حدیث نبوی کی خدمت، اس کی تعلیم و تدریس اور اس سے متعلق تالیف و تصنیف میں گزری، مختلف اوقات میں دارالعلوم دیوبند اور مدرسہ ڈابھیل کے مدرس رہے، کچھ دنوں تک ندوۃ المصنفین سے بھی تعلق رہا، پھر ہجرت کرکے پاکستان چلے گئے، وہاں بھی درس و افاضہ کا سلسلہ جاری رہا، چند برسوں کے بعد دیار حبیب کی کشش مدینہ طیبہ کھنچ لے گئی اور دس بارہ سال تک جوار رسول میں حدیث رسول کی خدمت انجام دیتے رہے، بالآخر اس آستانہ پر گزشتہ اکتوبر میں جان دی، سلوک و تصوف کا بھی وافر حصہ ملا تھا، ان کے دوبڑے علمی و دینی کارنامے ہیں، مولانا انور شاہؒ کے درس بخاری کی تقریروں کی جمع و تدوین جو فیض الباری کے نام سے مصر سے چھپ کر شائع ہوچکی ہے۔ اردو میں ترجمان السنۃ کی ضخیم جلدیں جو ندوۃ المصنفین دہلی سے شائع ہوئی ہیں، ان کی وفات سے ایک بڑی علمی و دینی شخصیت اٹھ گئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ صاحب حدیث صلی اﷲ علیہ وسلم کے طفیل میں حدیث و سنت کے اس خدمت گزار کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۶۵ء)
The relation between people and environment has long been documented through literary works. Edward white gives the example of Adam and Eve journey through the Garden of Eden in the Bible and Odyssey dangerous trek across the Mediterranean Sea in Homer’s Odyssey as early literary examples in which human path cross the nature and interact with the beauty of nature.
This mixed method study examines the impact of grade retention on the academic performance and self-esteem of the students. For the quantitative part, the students of grade four in public schools of Rawalpindi city were taken as the study sample. Initially, this sample was divided into two main groups, i.e. identified poor performers and the normal group of students. After annual examinations, the former group was further divided in two subgroups on the basis of results, i.e. Repeaters Sample and Identified Poor but Promoted Sample. A multiphase panel study was designed to collect quantitative data. The data related to academic performance was collected by locally developed tests of the five subjects taught in grade four of the public schools of the Punjab. The self-esteem of the students was measured through Urdu translation of Beck Youth Inventory for Self-Concept of Children (BSCI-Y). A series of analysis were performed with quantitative data to analyze the variations in academic performance and self-esteem of all the three groups. A group of experienced school teachers teaching at primary level in public schools of Rawalpindi city were selected as the key informants of qualitative aspect of the study. Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with participant teachers. The first part of the interview was nested in the study, while the second part was triangulated with quantitative findings in order to verify and strengthen the results. The two sets of data were collected concurrently, whereas the triangulation of both types was carried out after the completion of the analysis stage. The findings of the study suggested that there was significant positive impact of grade retention on the academic performance of the repeaters, whereas the impact on self-esteem was found considerably negative. However, the academic performance of the repeaters was not significantly greater than those of the identified poor but promoted group and normal group.