Home > To Study the Effect of Salts and Complexes of Lead and Arsenic Metals on the Status of Thiols in Blood Components, Pharmacological and Toxicological Perspectives
To Study the Effect of Salts and Complexes of Lead and Arsenic Metals on the Status of Thiols in Blood Components, Pharmacological and Toxicological Perspectives
Heavy and transition metals have been widely known for their toxicities for centuries. Arsenic and Lead are highly valued in terms of toxicity to living systems due to their high affinity for sulfhydryl (-SH) containing residues. The chemical interactions of Arsenic and Lead with thiols (–SH rich molecules) results in numerous ill-health effects. As a part of this PhD thesis, the chemical status of GSH was determined in the presence of inorganic and organic complexes of lead and arsenic employing simple spectrophotometric analysis and 1H NMR methods. The behavior of Ellman’s reagent towards the metal-thiol chemistry was initially investigated to begin with the study of the changed status of thiols resulting from metal-thiol coordination. Chapter 2 describes the use of NMR methods to study the species in solutions. 1H NMR allowed us to identify additional components of the reaction mixture, their relative abundance and consequently the involvement of these additional Ellman’s based species in the spectrophotometric errors associated with the use of Ellman’s reagent. Using 1H NMR methods we are able to show that Ellman’s reagent can exchange with thiolates previously coordinated with lead and arsenic. In the context of this 1H NMR study, some limitations were found to be associated with the use of Ellman’s reagent in our study. Ellman’s reagent was found able to react with the thiols being previously attached with arsenic and lead, leading to an over estimation of the thiols in the solution systems. 4,4′-dithiodipyridine (DTDP) was adapted instead of Ellman’s reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of the mixtures involving metal-thiols complexes in aqueous solution and biological mixtures after establishing limitations associated with the use Ellman’s reagent in this capacity of the study. Chapter 3 describes the 1H NMR carried out to study the conditions and ratios of the complexed thiolates (complexes of both arsenic and lead with some important low molecular weight thiols (Glutathione, N. acetyl cysteine and D-Penicillamine). 1H NMR study presented in this chapter provides detailed information about the changes in the chemical status of GSH that might be the basis of this chemical change observed spectrophotometrically in the form of depletion. 1H NMR methods confirmed metal-thiol adducts (i.e., As-SG3 and Pb-SG2) to be the mechanism behind the GSH depletion in the presence of these metal compounds. After establishing the limitation associated with the use of Ellman’s reagent, 4,4′- dithiodipyridine was used for the spectrophotometric determination of the unbound thiols in the presence of complexed thiolates in aqueous solutions. In the course study presented in XII chapter 4, we have spectrophotometrically investigated the reactions of arsenic and lead with sulfhydryl containing thiols i.e., Glutathione, N-Acetyl cysteine and D-Penicillamine in aqueous solutions. In this chapter, the effects of arsenic (Sodium arsenite and Methylarsonous acid) and lead (Lead acetate and Lead acetyl acetonate) on low molecular weight thiols (Glutathione, N. acetyl cysteine and D-Penicillamine) have been spectrophotometerically quantitated in aqueous solutions. Employing influential variables (i.e., different metal concentrations, incubation times and pH ranges) to the study in aqueous solutions, prominent and regular decrease in the thiol levels were caused by each of the inorganic and organic compounds of arsenic and lead in spectrophotometric analysis. Chapter 5 describes the spectrophotometric estimation of important and most abundant low molecular weight thiol (Glutathione) in the whole blood and blood components (cytosolic Fraction and plasma) of human volunteer. In order to improve our understanding of the coordination chemistry of arsenic and lead in whole blood, cytosolic fraction and Plasma, a systematic study of the changes in glutathione (GSH) levels in these biological samples of healthy human volunteers, has been carried out. The effects of the inorganic and organic compounds of arsenic and lead on glutathione status in these biological samples have been spectrophotometerically evaluated by 4,4′-dithiodipyridine. Chapter 6 describes the spectrophotometric estimation of Glutathione in WBCs (Lymphocytes and Monocytes) isolated from human blood, while the study carried out in chapter 7 describes the estimation of Glutathione in liver isolated from rabbits. Chapter 8 describes the exchange of arsenic (AsIII) and lead (PbII) between Proteins (Albumin) and low molecular weight thiols (Glutathione, N. acetyl cysteine and D- Penicillamine). In addition to thiol disulfide exchange reactions, the exchange of arsenic and lead between Proteins (Albumin) and low molecular weight thiols (Glutathione, N. acetyl cysteine and D-Penicillamine) has also been investigated by Column chromatographic methods using Ellman’s reagent. The exchange behaviour of arsenic and lead between proteins and low molecular weight thiols have been analyzed spectrophotometrically by making use of Ellman’s reagent. Column chromatographic methods have been used to collect complexed proteins. The sulfhydryls present on the pure and complexed proteins have been estimated spectrophotometerically. The study regarding the thiol disulfide exchange reactions resulted that the low molecular weight thiolates (Reduced glutathione and N-acetylcysteine) take off As(III) and Pb(II) species which are attached to proteins. XIII Results from multiple studies presented in this PhD thesis are consistent to conclude and anticipate that lead and arsenic species are dynamic in nature as in the case of using Ellman’s reagent, thiolates could be removed from the coordination sphere of the arsenic and lead in As(SR)3 and Pb(SR)2 respectively and in the case involving albumin, the slow exchange of lead and arsenic species bound to cys-34 is the basis for a mechanism by which toxic species can become widely distributed around the body.
غلام نبی مہجور(۱۹۴۸۔۱۸۸۰) پسرور ضلع سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اصل نام غلام نبی اور مہجورؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ (۲۰۰) پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے مہجور نے منشی فاضل کا امتحان پاس کیا اور بدوملہی سکول میں اردو عربی کے استاد مقرر ہوئے۔ اسی ملازمت کے دوران آپ احمدیہ جماعت میں شامل ہو گئے اور تبلیغی خدمات سر انجام دینے لگے۔ آخری عمر میں احمدیہ مسلک سے کنارہ کش ہو گئے۔ (۲۰۱) مہجور کا بیشتر کلام روزنامہ ’’احسان‘‘ اور ’’شباب‘‘ میں چھپتا رہا۔ آپ کی مولانا عبد المجید سالک اور آغا حشر کاشمیری سے اچھی وابستگی تھی۔
قاضی عطاء اﷲ عطا اپنی کتاب ’’شعرائے پسرور‘‘ میں مہجور کی ادبی محفلوں میں شرکت کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں:
بچپن ہی سے شاعری کے جراثیم آپ کے وجود میں موجود تھے جو آہستہ آہستہ پرورش پا کر بڑے جسیم اور توانا بن کر مختلف مشاعروں اور محافل میں اپنی قوت کا لوہا منوا چکے تھے۔ لہذا کانپور اور رمتھرا کے آل انڈیا مشاعروں میں جہاں سیمابؔ‘ فارغؔ‘ صبا ؔاور جگرؔ وغیرہ شریک ہوتے۔ آپ کا کلام اعلیٰ ترین حسنِ تغزل کو لئے سیماب جیسے شعراء کو سیماب پا کر دیتا۔(۲۰۲)
بہت کوشش کے باوجود مہجور کا مکمل کلام بازیاب نہیں ہو سکا۔ کچھ غزلیات اور نظمیں ’’تاریخِ پسرور‘‘ اور ’’شعرائے پسرور‘‘ سے دریافت ہوئی ہیں۔
مہجور کی رباعیات اور غزلیات کے مطالعہ سے واضح ہوتا ہے کہ خدا کا شکر‘ حمد و ثنا‘ تقدیر و قسمت اور مسلمانانِ برصغیر کی حالتِ زار مہجور کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں:
جہاں میں خواجگی اور بندگی تقسیمِ فطرت ہے عطائے بے سبب پر شکر رحماں کر رہا ہوں میں
کوئی حاسد نہ مانے خواجگی میری تو نہ مانے عدو کو صورتِ سیماب لرزاں کر رہا ہوں میں (۲۰۳)
Moderation is the most distinguishing feature of Islām, which reigns all the matters and fields of the Muslim life. The Muslim nation is titled as the moderate one in the Qur’ān. It is therefore required that along with the Qur’ān and Sunnah, moderation should reflect through Islāmic jurisprudence, too, in the individual as well as the collective matters of Muslims. The author of this present study traces the roots of moderation in the collective matters of the first community of Muslims, i. E., the companions of the Prophet (SAW), who directly received the understanding of the Islām from the Prophet (SAW), therefore, they are the true examples to follow. The companions would consider the circumstances and situations to issue their jurisprudential verdicts. This is very much evident, especially, from the verdicts of the second caliph ‘Umar Ibn Khaṭṭāb. The companions would observe the principle of moderation to generate love and reverence for the religion Islām. If they had stuck stringently to mere rules and regulations, they would not have succeeded in the spread of Islām in the world. The author shows through their examples that how essential and significant it is to observe the principle of moderation while compiling jurisprudence and how to avoid exorbitance and stringency. To observe moderation needs a deep understanding of the true spirit of religion and great skills to practice it which the companions did have being the direct disciples of the Prophet (SAW). We need to follow their example without yielding to the whims of irreligious or secular modernity.
Thesis Title: Developing Teacher Training Curricula to Promote Ecological Awareness at Tertiary Education This research had been planned to develop the Teacher Training Curricula to respond to the society’s call to promote ecological Awareness at tertiary education. The aim was to help produce more knowledgeable, motivated and responsible teachers and active citizens through improved and sustainable teacher education. The researcher proposed to adopt the Curriculum Development route to secure this objective. The researcher had based his approach on a combination of a model presented by Hungerford and Volk (1990). In broad general terms the curriculum development task of this nature had adopted constructivist approach of learning theory. The research had undertaken the task of developing and proving a curriculum pertaining to one of the courses that may be taught as part of Teachers’ training curriculum. The course thus developed had been purpose-designed to enhance ecological awareness among trainee teachers. An Awareness scale had measured the pre-test and post-test levels of ecological awareness and relative gain had been used as an indicator of the success of the class experiment. The prosecution of central hypotheses had followed a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Curriculum development process had been guided by the following framework: (1) Review of Literature to establish the state of research on the subject, (2) content analysis of the prevailing curriculum in one of the ICT Teachers Training Institutes, (3) Development of the curriculum and the teaching contents/materials of one of the courses especially oriented to enhance ecological awareness in trainee teachers, (4) Class experiment, (5) assessment of gain, and (6) assessment of the success of the class experiment. The study had been significant in enhancing the effectiveness of teachers’ training curricula in promoting ecological concerns at tertiary level of education. It had been expected that trainee teachers made conscious of their environmental responsibilities would help educate our future generations along these lines and produce environmentally responsible citizens. This would in turn help achieve national agenda on environmental protection aimed at preventing further damage to environment and initiating a recovery. Key Words (1) Environmental Science, (2) Environmental Activism, (3) Environmental Advocacy, and (4) Environmental Justice