Home > To Study the Effect of Salts and Complexes of Palladium and Vanadium Metals on the Status of Thiols in Blood Components ¨ Pharmacological and Toxicological Perspectives
To Study the Effect of Salts and Complexes of Palladium and Vanadium Metals on the Status of Thiols in Blood Components ¨ Pharmacological and Toxicological Perspectives
The selected metalloelements i.e. Vanadium and Palladium have a number of potential Pharmaco-clinical advantages. Vanadium decreases the level of glucose and cholesterol, improves the function of hemoglobin and myoglobin and has anti-cancerous and diuretic functions. Similarly, Palladium compounds have antiviral, antibacterial, neuroprotective and antitumor properties. However studies have also indicated some mild to serious toxic effects of these metalloelements. Biothiols are important antioxidant that provides protection against metals toxicity. The interaction of metalloelements with biothiols can provide valuable information about the level of toxicity of the metalloelements and about the protective role of biothiols thereof. In this piece of work the effect of salts and complexes of Vanadium and Palladium on the status of different thiols (GSH, NAC, D-Pen and albumin) in aqueous medium, blood components and liver homogenate . The thiol quantification was carried out using Elman’s method through UV-visible spectrophotometry and 1H- NMR. Results of the study performed in aqueous medium, as shown in chapter 2, showed that level of different thiols depleted after the addition of the inorganic salts and organic complexes of Vanadium and Palladium. Such depletion was further enhanced with increasing concentrations of the metalloelements and with time incubation. We also observed a maximum depletion in the levels of different thiols at pH 7.6 which is near to physiological pH. Similar observations were also made in blood components as mention in chapter 3. We observed a decrease in the level of Glutathione under the effect of the said metalloelements in whole blood as well as in separated plasma and cytosolic fraction. Observations were also made under different concentrations of the metalloelements, time and pH parameters. Results were showing that the effect of these metalloelements on the level of GSH in blood components is high at pH 7.6 and increases with increasing concentrations of the metalloelements and with time elapse. Such depletion in cytosolic fraction, in particular, is indicative of the fact that the anions of both the metals can cross the membrane of the erythrocytes. Effect of metalloelements Vanadium and Palladium on the status of Glutathione in WBCs (Lymphocytes, B-cells, T-cells and Neutrophils) was also investigated as mention in chapter 4. The results showed that the level of Glutathione in the selected types of WBC’s was depleted as a result of interaction with Vanadium and Palladium. This depletion was further aggravated with increasing concentrations of Palladium and Vanadium, time elapse as well as at pH 7.6. The effect these metalloelements on the concentration of Glutathione in liver homogenate, under different parameters was also observed as mention in chapter 5.for this purpose liver homogenate was prepared according to the protocol established by Schiefer. We observed that the metalloelements decreases the level of Glutathione in the liver homogenate sample which was further enhanced with elevated concentrations of the metals, time incubation and was high at pH7.6. The mechanism of interaction of Palladium with thiols was examined using H-NMR as mentioned in chapter 6. The results revealed that five species are produced during the quantification of thiols with Elman’s reagents (ESSE). These species were ES-, ESSE, ESSR, RSSR and RSH. The results further indicate that the depletion in the level of thiols may be due to 1:1 or 1:2 conjugation of Palladium with thiols respectively. The bonding strength of both the elements with albumin and exchange reaction by low molecular weight thiols were also examined as mentioned in chapter 7. The UV- visible spectrophotometric observation was made at wavelength ranging from 240nm to 500nm. A negligible absorbance was observed at 412nm which suggested that there was no exchange reaction between albumin metal complexes and low molecular weight thiols. The finding of the study suggests that the metalloelements Vanadium and Palladium conjugate with different thiols in aqueous medium, blood components and liver homogenate. The chances of such assumed conjugation reactions further increases with time elapse, with increasing concentration of the metalloelements and in suitable conditions of pH 7.6. These conjugation reactions further suggest that the metalloelements Vanadium and Palladium have xenobiotic nature causing oxidative stress and thiols play their role in detoxification and biotransformation of these metalloelements. This study perform in situ can be used as a model of in vivo study.
والدین کی عظمت نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر گفتگو کرنی ہے وہ ہے’’عظمت ِوالدین‘‘ صاحب ِصد ر! والدین ایک عظیم نعمت ہیں ، ان کا وجود مسعود رحمت ہی رحمت ہے۔ ان کی موجودگی اولاد کے لیے باعث ِبرکت ہے، ان کی رضاء میں اللہ کی رضا ہے، ان کی ناراضی میں خدا کی ناراضی ہے۔ حدیث پاک میں ہے کہ جس نے یہ دیکھنا ہو کہ مجھ پر اللہ تعالیٰ راضی ہے یا ناراض تو وہ اپنے والدین کا چہرہ دیکھ لے اگر والدین خوش ہیں تو رب تعالیٰ بھی خوش ہے اگر والدین ناراض ہیں تو رب تعالیٰ بھی ناراض ہے۔ صدرِمحترم! قرآنِ پاک میں نصِّ قطعی سے ثابت ہے کہ اپنے والدین کے ساتھ بھلائی کرو، ان کا احترام کرو، اُن کے ساتھ اچھے طریقے سے گفتگو کرو، ان کو اُف تک نہ کہو ، والدین ایک ایسی ہستی ہیں کہ یہ اولاد کا کبھی بھی بُر انہیں سوچتے ،ان کے لیے مشکلات برداشت کرتے ہیں، پریشانیوں کو سینے سے لگاتے ہیں، اُن کی اعلیٰ تعلیم وتربیت کا انتظام کرتے ہیں۔ صدرِذی وقار! والدین کے چہرہ کو دیکھنا ایک عبادت ہے اللہ تعالیٰ مقبول حج کا ثواب عطا فرماتا ہے۔ حدیث پاکؐ میں ہے کہ کسی شخص نے پوچھا کہ مجھ پر سب سے زیادہ حق کس کا ہے آپؐ نے فرمایا کہ تیری ماں ، پھر پوچھا گیا آپؐ نے فرمایا کہ تیری ماں، پھر پوچھا تو آپؐ نے فرمایا کہ تیراباپ۔ معزز سامعین! ماں کے بارے میں کہا گیا کہ’’ جنت ماں کے قدموں کے نیچے ہے‘‘ ماں ایک ایسی نعمت غیر مترقبہ ہے کہ جس کا بدل دنیا میں ناممکن ہے۔ ماں آنکھوں کو...
To juxtapose various components in one issue or various issues, and to adopt various jurists’ points of views is called “Talfiq.” In the present radical age of science and technology, each and every social faculty is being radicalized particularly in finance; there are certain complications in the monetary systems of various countries. In this scenario, to concentrate on one school of thought and deduce the solution of these financial issues has now become impossible. That is why, Majlis-e-Shar’ii concentrate on “Talfiq between different school of thoughts”, where various parallel issues are solved. The Majlis has prepared a sharia standard where practicable and beneficial financial issues are elaborated. The jurists have elaborated various principles of “Bae-e-Salam”, and presented various relevant issues taking the insight from various scholars of Maliki, Hanafi, Shafi and Hambli schools of thoughts and focused on “Talfiq”. The present research paper the decrees related to Talfiq will be explored, where the jurists have adopted it. Whether it is allowed or prohibited. If it is allowed, to what extent?
The struggle to develop an ideal model for teaching English language has been going on for so many years. English language is the second language in many countries including developing countries like Pakistan. In Pakistan English language has emerged as a powerful medium for communication and learning this language has become the need of the hour for a successful career and life. The students of the developing countries encounter many problems while speaking in English language and the major among those problems is the spoken English language anxiety which hinders the progress of the freshly graduates from getting good jobs.The main aim of the study was to explore confidence of students studying in the Pakistani context in their spoken English skill, with a focus on developing a model of active learning using interactive activities for language usage. It is based on the premise that social interaction is necessary for the cognitive development of mind, as emphasized by Vygotsky (Verenikina, 2010). This research is a mixed method study which was conducted in a private sector university of Lahore city in Pakistan. A quasi experiment Pre-test, post test design was conducted on an intact group of sixty students taken from the first semester. The intervention was based on interactive activities that lasted for two semesters or 32 weeks. The data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative data was gathered through two standardized research tools i.e. a closed ended questionnaire and the spoken English assessment scale. The foreign language classroom anxiety scale developed by Elaine Horwitz (1986) and the adapted version of Conversational skills rating scale by Spitzberg (2007) were utilized for the present study. The qualitative data consisted of the researcher’s observations recorded during the intervention. Results of the study Effect of Confidence Enhancement Techniques on Spoken English showed that the students’ confidence level improved when they were exposed to interactive activities. The students of the control group showed no significant improvement as they had been taught by the routine methodology. Thus it is proposed that such interactive activities handled by trained instructors should be utilized in the classrooms, which can lead to the development of more confident English language speakers.