Surgical site infections (SSIs) are infections that occur in the wound created by an invasive surgical procedure and are associated with increasing rates of morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, considerable socio-economic costs and death. SSIs are the most widely recognized nosocomial infections which represent 38% of all healthcare-associated infections. As compared to developed countries surgical-site infections are more often reported, 2-5 times higher rate from resource limited countries such as Pakistan. Infection with resistant pathogens including Candida species particularly Candida albicans is associated with an increased treatment episodes of surgical patients. C. albicans is a dimorphic fungus. C. albicans found as normal flora in oral cavities, urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts of healthy people but it can cause an assortment of infections which depends on the immune status of host. This study presents an overview about the spectrum of surgical wound pathogens, their mechanism of virulence as well as ponders their alternative treatment options with natural plant products. The study also highlight the role of Candida species in SSIs which is went unrecognized and was underestimated for long time by clinicians and microbiologists, resulted in unreported and untreated infections actually caused by this ubiquitous yeast. To determine the spectrum of surgical wound pathogens, a total of 450 pus samples were collected from patients having surgical site infections. Candida species were observed in 21% cases irrespective of their age and sex. Additionally, the incidence of bacteremia secondary to SSIs was also determined in 110 patients and we observed bacteremia in 23(21%) of cases. Furthermore, a total of 105 swab samples collected from tong dorsum and jugal mucosa of healthy individuals were also collected to determine the prevalence of C. albicans in healthy individuals as well as to compare their virulence properties with Candida spp. isolated from surgical site infections. 19.04% of samples from healthy individuals yielded C. albicans. Surgical site infections are becoming more important given the current situation of increasing antibiotic resistance in human pathogens.For choosing an efficient empirical chemotherapy to prevent surgical site infection drug susceptibility patterns of surgical wound pathogens were investigated. Testing of 15 selected antibiotics and 4 antifungal agents on surgical wound pathogens yielded significant results, as many as 34% of the S. aureus were noted to be methicillin resistant. Vancomycin was the only “anti-staph” drug that was effective on all the S. aureus isolates challenged; however, Linezolid acted on 92% of strains tested. Also noted to be decidedly capable in effect among the drugs tested were polymyxin B and piperacillin/tazobactum against Gram negative isolates. C. albicans isolates showed 100% susceptibility to voriconazole and amphotericin followed by itraconazole 98% and fluconazole 89%. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance limits the available therapeutic options for effective treatment of surgical wound infections. To develop new alternative antifungal agents, several plants were screened for their potential antifungal activity. Our finding reveled, extracts of Mansoa alliacea Lam. showed inhibitory activity against all Candida species tested. On the basis of these observations, the bioactive components of Mansoa alliacea Lam. were analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Altogether 25 compounds were identified from two different extracts i.e. CGLM-PE and CGLM-EA in which 21 are identified first time from this source. The major classes of identified compounds in both fractions were saturated fatty acid, alkane, terpene and phytosterol. Both of the extracts were rich in fatty acid esters thus can be used as potential natural therapeutics. It is the first authenticated report on antifungal activity and chemical composition of Mansoa alliacea Lam. from Pakistan. C. albicans has many virulence factors such as dimorphism, phenotypic switching, biofilm formation and hydrolytic enzymes that contribute to infection, penetration, and survival against the host defense systems. Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor of C. albicans. Biofilm formation by certain Candida species strains was verified by using two modalities, and we observed biofilm production in 46% of C. albicans isolates. Phospholipase and proteinase are two putative virulence factors of Candida species which are assumed as enhancer of active penetration and extracellular nutrient acquisition. In this study we compared the virulence potential of Candida species, isolated from surgical site infections and healthy individuals by estimating the production level of their exo-enzymes. Results revealed that phospholipase and proteinase activity was more pronounced in Candida Species from surgical wound in contrast to species isolated from healthy individuals. To date, ten members (SAP 1–10) have been recognized in family of secreted aspartic proteases (SAPs) of C. albicans which were encoded by multigene family. To analyze genetic versatility of C. albicans, prevalence of six virulence genes (SAP1-SAP6) of secretory aspartyl proteinase of C. albicans was determined. Among all 54 C. albicans tested, synchronous presence of all tested genes was detected in 24 isolates. SAP5 and SAP6 genes were synchronously lacking in eight isolates while six isolates were found to be synchronous deficient for SAP4 and SAP5 genes. However, sixteen C. albicans showed synchronous presence of all tested genes except SAP5. To evaluate the difference in the patterns of SAP 1-10 genes expression of C. albicans strains isolated from patients with surgical site infections, we screened strains of C. albicans for SAP gene expression under Sap-inducing and non-Sap-inducing condition by (RT-PCR). C. albicans strains showed marked differences in the expression of SAP1-10 genes in inducing and non inducing conditions in vitro.The expression levels of SAP9 – SAP 10 were more pronounced in both inducing and non inducing conditions, while SAP1 and SAP3 were higher in the inducing condition. SAP2 expression was also more frequent in inducing condition as compared to Sap non-inducing condition. Majority of C. albicans strains express SAP4-SAP6 independent of the inducing and non inducing conditions. One of the important finding of this study was the detection of SAP7 mRNA in strains of C. albicans analyzed. The lack of SAP7 expression under non-Sap-inducing conditions and less frequent expression under Sap-inducing conditions indicated that SAP7 may undergo a different transcriptional regulation. This is the first study from Pakistan demonstrating the role for this proteinase family in surgical site infections. On the basis of our observations, we conclude that surgical site infections and bacteremia are increasing in Pakistan. Development of resistance to fluconazole in Candida species has become a matter of concern for treating Candidal infections in surgical patients. For selection of an efficient empirical chemotherapy to prevent SSIs, a continuous monitoring of microorganisms and their drug susceptibility pattern are needed. Candida species have ability to form biofilm which not only delay wound healing but also enhance severity of infection by compromising the immune system of patient. The more pronounced activity of exo-enzymes in Candida species isolated from surgical wound in contrast to species isolated from healthy individuals highlights the role of these enzymes in surgical wounds. The high frequency and the high rate of association patterns of SAP genes in C. albicans strains suggest that secretory aspartyl proteinase is a major virulence factor of C. albicans which contributes significantly to its pathogenicity. The more frequent expression of SAP2 under inducing condition indicated that this proteinase is involved in colonization, infection as well as tissue damaging in SSIs. Moreover, on the whole, the patterns of SAP1-10 expression clearly demonstrate that multiple SAP expression profiles exist during surgical site infection which might prone C. albicans strains to behave as virulent strains. In order to minimize the risk of surgical site infections there is need to support patient’s immune mechanisms, rapid elimination of reservoirs of infection, suppression of infection transfer and development of alternative therapies to aid patients in recovering from surgical site infection. We are first time reporting that extract of Mansoa alliacea Lam. possessed antifungal activity and are rich in fatty acid esters so these fatty acid esters can be use as potential natural therapeutics to develop more effective and non toxic agents to treat Candida infections. The results of this study will support the development of new therapeutic agents to overcome the incidence of surgical wound infections and will contribute to the economic growth and stability by reducing the rate of infections as well as by giving sustainable reduction in morbidity and mortality of patients with surgical site infection." xml:lang="en_US
استاد کی عظمت اللہ تعالیٰ نے اس کائنات کو تخلیق فرمایا پھر اس کی تزئین و آرائش کے لیے اس میں پہاڑوں ، گلستانوں، میدانوں ، سمندروں ، ندیوں اور نالوں کو وجود بخشا، آبشاروں کی کھڑکھڑاہٹ پیدا فرمائی ، فضاؤں کی سرسراہٹ سے اس کے حسن میں چار چاند لگائے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ نے بنی نوع انسان کی اصلاح کے لیے مختلف اوقات میں مختلف زبانوں میں مختلف قوموں میں مختلف انبیاء کرام کو مبعوث فرمایا یہ سلسلہ چلتا رہا یہاں تک کہ نبی آخر النبین حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم تشریف لائے اور پھر نبوت کا دروازہ بند کر دیا گیا اور کام علماء کرام کے سپرد ہوا اور علماء کرام میں اساتذہ جو مدرس ہونے کے ناطے عظیم منصب پر فائز ہوتے ہیں انھوں نے اس فریضہ کو بڑے احسن طریقے سے سرانجام دینا شروع کر دیا اور عوام النّاس کی اصلاح کے لیے مستعد رہے۔ شیخِ مکتب ہے اک عمارت گر جس کی صنعت ہے روحِ انسانی اگر بنظر غائر مشاہد ہ کیا جائے تو استاد کی حیثیت، اہمیت اور مقام مسلم ہے، کیونکہ استاد ہی نونہالانِ قوم کی تعلیم و تربیت کا ضامن ہوتا ہے، استاد ہی قوم کے نوجوانوں کو علوم وفنون سے آراستہ و پیراستہ کرتا اور اس قابل بناتا ہے کہ وہ ملک وقوم کی گرانبار ذمہ داریوں سے عہدہ برآ ہوسکیں۔ استاد جہاں نوجوانوں کی اخلاقی و روحانی تربیت کرتا ہے وہاں وہ اُن کی مختلف علمی ،سائنسی، فنی ، اور پیشہ ورانہ مہارتوں کا سامان بھی کرتا ہے، والدین بچے کی جسمانی پرورش کرتے ہیں، جبکہ استاد کے ذمے بچے کی روحانی تربیت ہوتی ہے، اس لحاظ سے استاد کی حیثیت اور اہمیت والدین سے کسی طرح کم نہیں بلکہ ایک لحاظ سے ان سے بڑھ کر ہے، کیونکہ روح کو جسم پر فوقیت حاصل...
The nation's youth are the source of its strength, and the makers of glory, they are men of the future, and to them belongs the leadership of the nation in all its affairs, because youth time is the stage at which human enjoys the full strength, of mind and heart. Young people are contributing an active role in shaping the present and foreseeing future prospects. Care and upbringing of young people, reformation through of reform of the educational curriculum in line with current developments and requirements, with emphasis on the fundamentals of the Islamic nation, and not merging with others is very importants. That’s why reformers are interested in youth, directing and upbringing them with sound education, correcting their distractions and the protection of their morals, in the development of sense of responsibility in serving their communities, and this is the most important duties of scientists and thinkers, the first defense of the nation Fort is beliefs and religion. Therefore, it is incumbent upon us in this day and era to be aware of our intellectuals, spreading their virtues and perpetuate the memory of them. To highlight this issue the researchwr has choosen Skaykh Muhammad Ibrāhīmī a reknown scientist and scholar of Algeria by highlighting his efforts in the field. This research paper is about the importance of youth in the advancement of society, and the negative impact of external factors on them; define responsibilities for deviating, and ways to reform, and the means to achieve it, through the efforts of Shaykh Al Ibrāhīmī, and his vision to reform and train youth keeping in view all the causes and factors involved in the proper training of youth.
The developing economies are characterized by severe fiscal deficit, sky-rocketing public debt and unstable economic growth. To finance fiscal activities governments’ resources are limited. The deficits can be corrected through fiscal adjustment and regulations in the shape of government spending cuts, tax increase and/ or debt creation. One of the basic decisions the government has to make is to share out the burden of fiscal adjustment between spending, borrowing and taxing with a view to satisfying the dictates of efficiency and equity, including inter-temporal equity. This fine balancing of policy instruments to achieve well-known fiscal objectives involves, among other things, an evaluation of the level of taxes and spending to decide whether to adjust them at the economically realistic levels. Tax increases may be less problematic than reducing expenditure if the current level of tax revenue is comparatively low based. However, in the former case, considerations of the tax smoothing acquire significance. Another important issue, which this study tackles, is the problem of causality between taxes and spending. Particularly, in order to decide which variable should be given temporal priority, it should be known whether changes in spending lead, follow, occur simultaneously, or are independent of the changes in tax rates. The present study finds that the fiscal stances of Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan are not significantly different from other developing countries, so that our analysis of these countries can be safely generalized to other developing countries. It also aims to check whether these developing countries have in effect adopted a tax smoothing policy to overcome the fiscal deficit and what forms such policy has taken. The empirical analysis presented here reveals that Pakistan and Sri Lanka have tried to minimize the welfare cost of taxation but these have not been policies fully consistent with the best practice tax smoothing. On the contrary, India has not sought to smooth its tax rates to minimize the welfare cost at all. Moreover, fiscal policies in Pakistan, Sri Lanka and India have been consistent with the fiscal synchronization, the spend-and-tax, and the institutional independence hypotheses respectively. The present study makes quite a few non-trivial recommendations, which may or may not accord with so-called common sense approaches to such problems. For instances it shows at length that to minimize the welfare cost of taxation the governments should finance their permanent expenditure by increasing the tax rate while transitory shocks to the expenditures or output should be financed by creating public debt. Such debt should, however, be contingent and retired in good days. In the same vein, it recommends that, a countercyclical (debt falls in booms and rises in recessions) policy might also be adopted. On the other, a pro-cyclical policy may lead to volatility in tax rates and increase the welfare cost of taxation. It is asserted that if developing countries fiscal policies are reformed along the lines suggested in this study it would lead to major over-hauling of the fiscal stances of the developing countries----those which would lead to efficient and equitable policies based on robust theoretical and empirical foundations.