In the current scenario, one of the most key health issues in the world is inflammation. Inflammation is a body defense mechanism. It is the local response of living tissues to injury in order to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agent. Heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function are the main symptoms to identify it. That involves three phases like vasodilatation, phagocytic migration and tissue repair. Many medications like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids are available to prevent or minimize the progression of the inflammatory diseases. NSAIDs are associated with several side effects. Their prolonged use may causes bone marrow depression, gastric intolerance, kidney failure, water and salt retention, liver failure, ulcers and prolonged bleeding after an injury or surgery. Thus, most antiinflammatory drugs have a number of adverse effects hence there is a need to develop a safe and new anti-inflammatory drug with minimum side effects. On the other hand, cyclic imides possess structural features which conferred potential biological activity and pharmaceutical use. The various classes of cyclic imides have received greater attention due to the COX-2 inhibition, anti-inflammatory activity. Based on this, we synthesized various ketone and ketoester derivatives of succinimides. Among the synthesized compound total of ten (10) compounds were newly synthesized. All the compounds obtained were purified with pen/pencil column. The pure compounds obtained were identified with various techniques i.e., mass spectroscopy, carbon NMR and proton NMR. After confirmation of their structure, they were subjected to in-vitro anti-inflammatory assay using cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and 5- lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme. In COX-2 in-vitro enzyme inhibitory assay, compound SJ-17, SJ-15 and SJ-2 were the most potent compound that displayed IC50 value of 0.98, 2.10 and 19.98 μM respectively. While in ketoesters derivatives of succinimides the tested compound SJ-18 and SJ-22 were displayed the most potent activity against COX-2 enzyme with IC50 value of 61.07 and 43.21 μM. In 5-LOX in-vitro enzyme inhibition assay SJ-17 and SJ-13 were more potent with IC50 values of 0.86 and 0.81 µM respectively. The tested compound SJ-2 and SJ-11 also showed the best activity with IC50 value of 36 and 21.31 µM. While in ketoester derivatives the SJ-22 displayed excellent 5- LOX inhibition with IC50 of 33.57 µM respectively. All the synthesized compounds were then subjected to preliminary in-vivo anti-inflammatory study to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect. In carrageenan induced paw edema three doses of each tested compounds were applied. Among the tested compounds SJ-17 was the most potent and significantly inhibited the inflammation produced by carrageenan up to 55.17 ± 1.36 % after 1 h at 100 mg/kg. The maximal percent inhibition of paw edema was observed to be 68.22 ± 2.44 at 5th h. Second highest activity was displayed by SJ-11 with 61.97 ± 3.24 % inhibition. Likewise, tested compounds SJ-2 and SJ-22 also exhibited excellent activity with 55.07 ± 2.33 and 54.77 ± 1.55 % inhibitions at 100 mg/kg body weight (b.wt). Aspirin was used as a positive control in this assay which displayed 57.64 ± 1.55 % inhibition. The other entire synthesized compounds displayed moderate to good activity in carrageenan induced inflammation. In arachidonic acid induced ear inflammation, again SJ-17 was the most potent compound with 76.70 ± 2.24 % inhibition of ear edema at 100 mg/kg b.wt. While tested compound SJ-11 exhibited 63.88 ± 2.66 % inhibition. The tested compound SJ-2 and SJ-22 displayed 56.30 ± 1.24 and 63.81 ± 1.24 % activity. All the other compounds in this assay illustrated moderate to good activity. Furthermore, based on the in-vitro and in-vivo preliminary anti-inflammatory results the potent compounds were subjected to various inflammatory mediators like histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin (PGE2) and leukotriene for the mechanism confirmation of the synthesized compounds. The compounds SJ-2, SJ-11, SJ-17 and SJ-22 were found to be the most effective among all the synthesized compounds. In histamine induced inflammation, tested compound SJ-17 has shown good activity (34.86 %, at 2nd h). The other tested compounds SJ-2, SJ-11and SJ-22 were less effective with 17.19, 25.38 and 11.11 % inhibition in this assay. The positive control cetirizine displayed 71.64 % inhibition. In bradykinin induced paw edema test SJ-2, SJ-11, SJ-17 and SJ-22 exhibited less activity while causing 7.37 ± 1.10, 4.42 ± 1.89, 15.28 ± 2.19 and 9.72 ± 3.13 % inhibition at 1st h. While the antagonist icatibant (HOE 140) showed dose dependent and significant inhibition 65.54 ± 3.61 % after 1 hour and remained significant until 5th h. Whereas, in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inflammatory mediator tested compound SJ-17 was the most potent and dose dependent causing 81.08 ± 2.03 % inhibition at 4th h. Similarly, SJ-11 exhibited 72.03 ± 3.24 % activity at 4th h which was the second active compound in this study. Likewise, the SJ-2 and SJ-22 also give excellent results with 64.33 ± 1.59 and 51.87 ± 3.24 % inhibitions at 4th h after the injection of phlogistic agent PGE2. Moreover, in leukotriene induced inflammation assay, the tested compound SJ-17 was again potent and give a promising result with 74.11 ± 3.58 % inhibition. SJ-11 was the second high active compound causing 58.13 ± 2.25 % inhibition. The tested compound SJ-2 was exhibited 49.08 ± 2.93 % activity while SJ-22 is less effective as compared to other tested compounds and exhibited 38.41 ± 3.07 % activity. From the current investigation it is clear that the compounds SJ-17, SJ-11 and SJ-2 have been verified to combat inflammation especially dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX. And inhibited both lipoxygenas as well as cyclooxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolites supported by the mild anti-histaminic effect. So further work should be performed by the dosage form designing for these compounds to hit the market.
حکیم محمد سعید حافظ حکیم محمد سعید کے وحشیانہ اور بے رحمانہ قتل پر کون ہے جو تڑپا اور بے قرار نہ ہوا ہوگا، وہ بین الاقوامی شخص، مملکتِ خداداد کے ہمدرد و مسیحا، پاکستان کے معمار، اس کا مقدر چمکانے اور بنانے کے لیے فکر مند، ہمدرد فاؤنڈیشن کے سربراہ اور مدینتہ الحکمت کے بانی، عالم، مصنف، مدبر، عالی دماغ، سچے اور پکے مسلمان، قوم و ملت کے بے لوث خادم، مخالف ہوا میں طب کا چراغ روشن کرنے، علم کو فروغ دینے، حکمت و محبت کا خزانہ لُٹانے والے، غریبوں اور مصیبت زدوں کے درد و غم میں شریک، پہلو میں درد مند دل رکھنے، پاکستان کے تشویش انگیز حالات سے بے چین اور پریشان رہنے والے کو چند دقیقوں میں جن لوگوں نے موت کے گھاٹ اُتارا وہ بڑے خوں خوار، درندہ صفت اور انسانوں کے بھیس میں وحوش سے بھی بدتر لوگ تھے۔ آخر اس فرشتہ صفت، پاک دل، پاک باز، رحم و مروت کے پیکر، مجسم شرافت اور اخلاقی خوبیوں سے منور انسان کا قصور کیا تھا، ذوق مرحوم کے شاگرد محمد مظفر خاں گرمؔ رامپوری کا وہ قطعۂ تاریخ وفات یاد آگیا جو نواب شمس الدین خاں مرحوم کو پھانسی دیے جانے پر کہا گیا تھا یہ دست درازیِ ستم کس سے بیاں ہو بے جرم و گنہ مسند نواب کو الٹا تاریخ معمے میں نئی طرز سے لکھ، گرمؔ! کیا چرخ نے ’’نوابی سہراب‘‘ کو الٹا جو مملکت اُس اسلام کے نام پر وجود میں آئی تھی جو سراپا امن و سلامتی ہے اور جس کے آئین میں خون خرابہ اور قتل و دہشت گردی کی کوئی گنجایش نہیں اور جس کے ماننے والے (مسلم) ساری دنیا کے لیے سراپا رحمت ہوئے ہیں، آج وہی مملکت جہنم کا نمونہ بنی ہوئی ہے، کراچی مقتل میں تبدیل ہوگیا ہے، پاکستان...
Men and women are the backbone of human civilization and both play their due roles in the society. In the present era, women are found engaged in every walk of life. Their potential was appreciated in the fields of education, research and medical since long but now they have also got prominence in the fields like army, politics, games, culture, economy, engineering and even avionics. Woman of the modern era is now a good mixture of a conscious wife, affectionate and educated mother and an active worker by increasing her importance and status through achievements in all walks of life. The main purpose of the paper was to identify the rights of women at workplace and to highlight the protection given by Islam for the rights of working women. The study was descriptive in nature. Relevant Hadiths and the examples from the lives of Sahaba regarding the justification of women to work and how their rights to be protected, was discussed. The need of the hour is to create a protected environment for women to work with dignity, without the fear of harassment and abuse which will in turn bring higher productivity and better quality of life at work.
This study is confined to identify novel non-edible oil seeds as renewable feedstock for eco-friendly biodiesel synthesis. In this project nine novel non-edible oil seeds have been investigated systematically including collection, morphological identification and scanning electron microscopic studies, oil contents estimation, oil extraction, biodiesel synthesis, optimization, characterization and fuel properties analysis in comparison with international biodiesel standard that is GB/T (20828), American (ASTM D-6751, ASTM D-951) and European standards (EN-14214). The non-edible oil seeds used in this study includes Raphanus raphanistrum L., Prunus Cerasoides D. Don., Celastrus paniculatuswilld., Lepidium perfoliatum L., Corylus colurna L., Datura metel auctt. non L. sensu Clarke, Capparis spinose L., Pistacia chinensis ssp. Integerrima (J.L. Stewart) Rech., and Sinapis arvensis L. Nine different catalysts, categories into three groups i.e clay based catalyst (single metal base, clay metal hybrid composites, clay and metal oxide), metal complex and metal organic framework complex, were synthesized using in-situ wet impregnation method and reflux transesterification procedure was used for synthesis of biodiesel. Additionally, reusability study of synthesized catalysts was also done. All the oil seeds have low acid value (> 3% FFA) required for transesterification except Celastrus paniculatus seed oil (2.98 mg / KOH). Therefore, in case of Celastrus paniculatus acid esterification, involving use of sulphuric acid (1% H2SO4) as catalyst was employed to reduce its acid value prior to transesterification. In addition, optimization of different transesterification variables was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) built on Box-Benken Design. Results showed that maximum biodiesel yield (90.2%) was recorded for Capparis spinosa using Cu-Ni doped ZrO2 catalyst (1: 12 oil to methanol ratio, 2.5% catalyst amount, at 70 oC for 1.5 h) followed by Sinapis arvensis (90%) with Zr-MOF-67 (9: 1 oil to methanol ratio, 1.5% catalyst amount, at 70 oC for 2.5 h) and Celastrus paniculatus (89.42%) using trimetallic (Ce, Cu, La) loaded montmorillonite clay catalyst (1:12 oil to methanol ratio, 3.5% catalyst amount, at 120°C for 3 h). While, the lowest biodiesel yield was observed for Raphanus raphanistrum (83%) with Cu loaded montmorillonite clay catalyst (1:12 oil to methanol ratio, 4% catalyst amount, at 150°C for 5 h). These findings clearly depict that all the synthesized catalysts (Cu-Mmt, Cd-Mn-Mmt, Ce-Cu-La-Mmt, ZrOBT, Ni-BT, Mn-BT, Cu-Ni doped ZrO2, Co-Cr doped ZrO2 and Zr-MOF-67) were novel, active, and reusable during the process of transesterification for efficient conversion of seed oil to higher biodiesel yield. Based on these experimental findings the feedstock used in this project as raw material is novel, economically feasible and should be used for commercial production at mass scale. The study further recommends the mass cultivation of such feasible novel non- edible feedstock at global perspective to produce biodiesel at industrial level.