Molecular topology is an important branch of graph theory which has many appli- cations in di erentelds of life like Pharmacology, Chemistry, Bio and many more. Its objective isnd the topological characterization of molecules in terms of numerical invari- ents named as topological indices. A topological index is very important in application of QSPR/QSAR study. Organic chemistry, nanotechnology and biotechnology also have various applications of these descriptors because of their unique properties. The purpose of this thesis is to compute the characterisation of degrees based on topo- logical indices in certain graphs. The application of Atom bond connectivity index are found in rationalizing the stability of linear and branched alkanes as well as the strain energy of cycloalkanes. Basically, the ABC index will be a ected when edges are inserted and deleted. Therefore, motivated by the works done on this, we continue investigate the inserting and deleting of two and three edges of graph. Then, we obtain the complete solution of derivation of ABC index for inserting and deleting of two and three edges. For the latter part, we also investigate inserting of two and three edges for geometric- arithmetic index and obtain the results, respectively. The result in this thesis also covers computation and study on the the degrees based topological indices for some types of nanostructure such as dendrimers, nanotubes nanotori, nanocones and networks. In the rst part, we investigate and obtain the novelty formulas for edge version of ABC(e) , GA(e) and second TUC4C6C8[p; q] nanotube, TUC4C8(s)[m; n] nanotube, H-Naphtalenic NPHX[m; n] nanotube,TUC4C6C8[p; q] nanotori, TC4C8(s)[p; q] nanotori and Nanocones CNCk[n] for K3and n0. Then, we calculate analytical closed results for counting related polynomials like Zagreb polynomial for some families of dendrimers, namelyrst, second and third kind of nanostars, (NS1[n], NS2[n] and NS3[n]). We also continue to investigate and obtain novelty formulas for Boron, Boron and line graphs of TiO2 neighbourhood polynomial, fourth atom-bond connectivity andfth geo- metric arithmetic indices. In the next phase, we study and obtain novelty formulas for the augmented Zagreb,rst reformulated Zagreb, connectivity and sum connectivity indices of certain networks like silicate networks, chain silicate networks, hexagonal networks, oxide networks and honeycomb networks. Many new results for degrees based on topo- logical indices in certain graphs we obtained. The thesis culminates by including some open problems for further investigations.
مولانا ابوبکر محمد شیثؔ جونپوری افسوس ہے کہ شیث جونپوری نے دو ڈھائی برس کی سخت علالت کے بعد اپنے وطن جونپور میں ۲۳؍ شعبان ۱۳۵۹ھ مطابق ۲۶؍ ستمبر ۱۹۴۰ء کی رات کو ۳ بجے اس جہانِ فانی کو الوداع کہا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ مر حوم جونپورکے ایک مشہور علمی خاندان کے فرد تھے،اُن کے دادا مولانا سخاوت علی صاحب مولانا شاہ عبد الحئی صاحب دہلوی اور مولانا اسماعیل شہید کے فیض یافتہ اور پورب میں توحید و سنت کے سب سے بڑے داعی، اور اس دور میں اسلامی علوم وفنون کے بہت بڑے مدرس تھے، جونپور میں بیٹھ کر تنِ تنہا سینکڑوں علمائے دین پیدا کئے اور پورب کے خطّہ میں اُن کو جگہ جگہ پھیلا کر اس نازک مو قع پر اسلام کی مو رچہ بندی کی، وہ ہجرت کرکے بعد کو مدینہ منورہ چلے گئے تھے اور وہیں وفات پائی، راقم کو بھی یہ فخر حاصل ہے کہ اس کے دادا کے حقیقی بھائی انھیں کی مجلسِ درس سے مستفیض تھے۔ مو لانا کا پورا خاندان اس وقت سے اب تک علمائے دین کا خانوادہ ہے، جس کی سعی و کوشش نے پورب کی سرزمین کو بڑا فیض پہنچایا، مولانا مرحوم نے نیچے کی تعلیم گھر میں پاکر مولانا عبداﷲ صاحب غازی پوری سے مدرسۂ احمدیہ آراہ جاکر علوم کی تحصیل کی، اور واپس آکر اپنے خاندانی مدرسہ کے اہتمام وانتظام کا اور ساتھ ہی ملک کے مختلف گوشوں میں جاکر ہدایت و ارشاد کا کام انجام دینا شروع کیا۔ موصوف سے میری ملاقات ۱۹۲۰ء میں تحریک خلافت کے سلسلہ میں ہوئی ،یہ ملاقات دوستی، اور دوستی سے اتحاد کی اس منزل تک پہنچ گئی جس کے بعد خیال کی دوئی کا کوئی مرتبہ نہیں رہتا، ایک دفعہ میں نے کہا اور اُنھوں نے مانا تھا کہ ایک مذہب ہے جس کے دو...
Islam has been a subject of great importance for Muslim and Non-Muslim Scholars. Countless numbers of researchers have written on the Quran, Hadith, Fiqh and Islamic History. Among these scholars Dr. Mahmood Ahmad Ghazi (1950-2010) is renowned for his contribution to Islamic social sciences. He was equally well versed in the classical, as well as, modern scholarly trends in the study of Islam. He worked in various academic, administrative and judicial positions during his life including as professor, Director Da’wah Academy, Director Shariah Academy, Vice President Academics and then President of International Islamic University, Islamabad and was finally elevated in 2010 as a judge at Federal Shariah Court of Pakistan where he served till the end of his life. He was a prolific writer and authored nearly thirty works of high academic value in different Islamic social sciences including Economics, law and Islamic education in Arabic, English and Urdu languages. He attended a large number of conferences across the globe to present his research papers.
Climate change has been proved to be a hidden risk to the development of countries all over the world. It is also estimated that climate variation will have significant negative effect on agricultural production in the developing countries of Asia in future. Pakistan is one of those countries which is a victim of the climate change and is already facing many problems like poverty and food security leading to threats to agriculture expansion. Theclimate change is ahead of all these due to decreasing agriculture production, prolong water scarcity and declined income growth. Agriculture plays a big role in the economy of Pakistan and climate change is a matter of serious concern.The main objective of the present study was to find out the factors affecting the coping strategies of farmers regarding the impact of climate change in the Punjab, Pakistan. Three districts from ricewheat cropping zone (Narowal, Sialkot and Gujranwala District) were selected randomly. A total sample of four hundred eight respondents was selected by systematic random sample technique. A well-structured interview schedule was used as research instrument for data collection. Collected data were analyzed statistically. In addition, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for the data analysis. It was found that education level of the farmers was low in the study area. Mostly farmers were having small size of land holding and a huge majority of them were owner cultivator. Mean area of wheat was 7.31±6.06 acres and mean area of rice was 6.25±5.60 acres. It was observed that long summer season (mean = 2.39±.73), shorter winter season (mean = 2.30±.75) and high temperature (mean = 2.14±.60) were the main perceptions concerning consequences of climate change in the study area. Industrial smoke (mean = 2.64±.69), excessive cutting of forest (mean = 2.57±.68) and human activities (mean = 2.51±.72) also led to change in environment. A vast majority (84.1%) of the selected farmers reported that climate change affected negatively their crop productivity. Crop production was not enough to meet the needs of the people (mean = 2.72±.62). So, a huge majority of the farmers had thinking that their annual income was decreased due to climate changes. A very small proportion of the farmers was aware of the existence of agricultural institution working for climate change here in the Punjab, Pakistan. It was also found that recommended varieties now than past decades’ (mean = 2.58±.72), applying more industrial pesticides (mean = 2.50±.76) and practicing crop diversification (mean = 2.36±.81), increased use of irrigation (mean = 2.19±.89) and integrated farming system (mean = 2.15±.91) were the major coping strategies for controlling the effect of climate changes and copping strategies had positive impact on crop productivity. It was clear from the results that the fellow farmers (mean = 2.24±.54), private company dealer (fertilizer & pesticides) (mean = 1.70±.74), Burjij/Wall chalking (mean = 1.53±.66), TV (mean = 1.47±.72), field assistant/Agri. officer of the Deptt. of agriculture (mean = 1.43±.52) and mobile phone (mean = 1.42±.64) were the major sources of communication/information concerning climate change. Bivariate analysis showed that farming experience and coping strategies is negatively associated with the impact of climate change on crop productivity. It was concluded that long summer season, shorter winter season and high temperature were the main perception concerning consequences of climate change in the research area. The crop productivity was negatively affected by climate changes. It is recommended that farmers should use recommended crop cultivars, fertilizers and practice crop diversification. Investment on improved agricultural technology by government and other stakeholders are necessary for agriculture to be able to cope with future climate change.