ماحصل
بیسویں صدی کے پہلے عشرے میں ہی عالمگیر تبدیلیوں کے زیر اثر اردو زبان و ادب میں شعری شعور ایک منفرد اور نئے رجحان میں داخل ہو چکا تھا۔ جس کے دھندلے خطوط ۶۰ کی دہائی میں واضح نقوش اختیار کر کے ایک عام آدمی کے لئے بھی جیتی جاگتی تصویر دکھائی دینے لگے۔ زندگی میں تبدیلی کا راست اثر ادب پر بھی پڑتا ہے جو نمائندہ شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کا نتیجہ ہوتی ہیں۔ یہ تبدیلی کا عمل بڑی شخصیات کے قلب میں جنم لیتا ہے جو اپنے الفاظ کی اثر آفریبی سے مروجہ سوچ پر غالب آجاتا ہے۔ بڑی شخصیات کو زمان و مکان کی حدود و قیود میں مقید کرنا محال ہو جاتا ہے۔ ایسی شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کی پیمائش گھڑیوں ، مہینوں اور سالوں کے معیارات سے ممکن نہیں ہوتی۔ ایسی ہی ایک قد آور اور پر اثر شخصیت مراتب اختر کے نام سے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اردو ادب کے شعری افق پر نمودار ہوئی اور اپنے جذبوں کی ہمہ رنگ قوس قزح کی روشنیاں بکھیر گئی۔ اس منفرد شاعر کی منفرد شاعری کا مقام و مرتبہ تو آئندہ تاریخی تناظر میں ہی ہو گا جس کو طے کرنا نقاد حضرات کا ہی کام ہے۔ لیکن اپنی تمام تر بے بصاعتی کے باوجود بڑے لوگوں کی آرا کو پیش کرنے کی سعادت اور ان کی شاعری کی عظمت کے تصویری خاکے اب بھی پیش کئے جا سکتے ہیں اور اس تصویر میں رنگ بھرنے کے لیے کسی بھی ناقد کو وسیع مطالعے کے ساتھ ساتھ طویل ذہنی سفر بھی کرنا پڑے گا تاکہ تصویر اپنے متعینہ چوکھٹے میں سج سکے۔ اس کی کچھ جھلک اور پرچھائیاں ان کے ہمسفر شعرا کی زبان ترجمان سے عیاں تو ہوتی ہیں مگر بشری محدودیتوں، باہمی عصبیتوں...
Almighty Allah created Ãdam and made each and every thing of this Universe in his order to take interest and use it well. But he also made some laws also to follow that he can avoid many mishaps. He sent Prophets for proper guidance of mankind and empowered them with Books containing the laws and instructions according to the need of hours. But Islam is the complete code of life and it has to remain in the world till the last day the Day of Judgment. Islam protected the life and honor of men & women in each and every stage of life. Islam has given all the rights to a woman which a man enjoys at any stage of life. Islam is the supporter of equality among the all human beings and wants to reduce differences made by men themselves so it allows relationships between followers of all religions. Especially among religions. So allowed to get merry with women of other religions like Jews & Christians, the followers of sacred books. By this action it wants to reduce gap among human beings. Islam also allows those women who got married with Muslims to act in their personal lives according to their own religions.
This dissertation covers the economics of social protection in the framework of fiscal policy in a couple of ways. It investigates the international and Pakistan scenario with respect to social protection to cure poverty. Social protection is a phenomenon that contains different policies and programs to mitigate poverty and vulnerability. The study contains different research questions like, how are structural and institutional features integrally related to the provision of social protection? Is it significant to mitigate poverty in the respective regions? It is also reviewed that social assistance, insurance and promotion of social rights represent social protection, where the objectives are to: protect, prevent, promote and transform the societies into economic power. Social protection is necessary to obtain better socio-economic status for which institutions of the country need to work efficiently. To explain the need and importance of fiscal space for social protection channels, five different emerging economies which are considered as a part of this dissertation. The study suggests an increase in tax revenue, reallocation of public spending, and debt reduction to generate fiscal space. A substantial level of government spending is evaluated for social protection programs in a global prospect. Rank and regression analysis is done to develop the results. A World Welfare Index (WWI) is generated by accommodating different social welfare indicators to measure the impact of social protection expenditures. Rank position of each country differs from rank to rank which indicate that these does not emphasize equally, on structural, institutional and welfare indicators. In the regression analysis, most of the structural and institutional variables are significant and justify the economic theory. Robustness check also proves the regression results. It is concluded that structural, institutional and welfare features are helpful to get a comprehensive view of the concerned economies. At a disaggregate level, rank and regression analysis was used across all the four provinces of Pakistan. The results of provincial analysis were similar to results as of the international level, which means that no province stands equally at high or low level in all the three ranks. Regression analysis proved that structural and institutional features are significant for provision of social protection and welfare standards in Pakistan. Finally, the role of social protection (education, health, social transfers and subsidies) is evaluated in the process of poverty reduction. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used to identify the short-run and long-run relation between the social protection and poverty and was found that the outreach of social protection via government expenditures on education, foreign aid and zakat play a significant role in poverty reduction in Pakistan.