Home > Toxicological Studies of Recent Conventional Insecticides and Fungicide Groups in Comparison With Azadirachta Indica Neem Leaf Extract Against Adult Earthworm, Pheretima Posthuma With Reference to Effect on Proteins & Enzymes
Toxicological Studies of Recent Conventional Insecticides and Fungicide Groups in Comparison With Azadirachta Indica Neem Leaf Extract Against Adult Earthworm, Pheretima Posthuma With Reference to Effect on Proteins & Enzymes
The current study, illustrate the toxicity of five pesticides i.e. sulfoxaflor, nitenpyram, spinetoram, azoxystrobin and neem leaf extract against imago (Pheretima posthuma Kinberg) earthworm in respect of its impact on total protein, protein mobility by electrophoresis and activity of cholinesterase. By applying the contact cum feeding method the earthworms were exposed to the test materials. Three major parts of LD50 exposed alive and active earthworms have been subjected to the estimation of total protein amounts, the activity of cholinesterase and for protein mobility through native gel electrophoresis. The average percent mortality was found to be 20%, 40%, 60%, 70% and 90% and 20%, 30%, 40%, 60% and 80% of post treatments in respect of doses i.e. 0.06, 0.12, 0.24, 0.48, 0.96 ppm of soil, under the effect of sulfoxaflor and nitenpyram respectively. The average percent mortality was found to be 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90% and 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 70% and 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 60% against the treatment doses of 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 ppm in soil by the spinetoram, azoxistrobin and neem leaf extract respectively. The LD50 values of neem leaf extract were foundat 5.47 ppm as compared to the LD50 values of other four compounds under studies sulfoxaflor, nitenpyram, spinetoram, azoxystrobin were observed as 0.1841, 0.2908, 1.4288, 3.2107 ppm of soil respectively. It was observed that in the peristomium region amongst all the treatments the preponderance amount of protein was found as 56.5>38.86>35.23>30.6>28.6 mg/ml at post treatment of neem extract, nitenpyram, sulfoxaflor, spinetoram and azoxystrobin respectively. In the clitellum region amongst all the treatments the preponderance amount of protein was found at 66.8>42.0>48.1>43.2>34.0 mg/ml at post treatment of neem leaf extract, sulfoxaflor, nitenpyram, azoxystrobin and spinetoram respectively, while in the abdomen region the total amount of protein was found as 58.0>44.5>39.0>36.0>35.0 mg/ml at post treatment of neem leaf extract, spinetoram, nitenpyram, azoxystrobin and sulfoxaflor respectively. Comparatively, in the control batch the total amount of protein was found in the peristomium region as 66.1-78.2 mg/ml, clitellum region as 72.0-85.0 mg/ml and abdomen region as 60.0- 78.0 mg/ml. In the peristomium region amongst all the treatments, the cholinesterase inhibition was found at 30sec as 86%>86.00%>85.38%>81.33%>76.68% at post treatments of azoxystrobin, nitenpyram, sulfoxaflor, spinetoram, and neem extract respectively, the cholinesterase inhibition was found at 60 sec as 89.55%>88.10%> 87.22%>86.52%>72.39% at post treatments of nitenpyram, azoxystrobin, spinetoram, sulfoxaflor and neem extract respectively, the cholinesterase inhibition was found at 90sec as 95.11%>87.60%>87.39%>84.42%>79.01% at post treatments of spinetoram, nitenpyram, azoxystrobin, neem extract and sulfoxaflor respectively. In the clitellum region amongst all the treatments, the cholinesterase inhibition was found at 30sec as 57.11%>51.62%>27.09%>25.46% at post treatments of nitenpyram, spinetoram, sulfoxaflor and azoxystrobin respectively, the cholinesterase inhibition was found at 60sec as 52.00%>28.81%>19.42%>09.33% at post treatments of sulfoxaflor, spinetoram, nitenpyram and azoxystrobin respectively, the cholinesterase inhibition was found at 90sec as 68.84%>33.58%>23.44%>22.90% at post treatments of nitenpyram, sulfoxaflor, azoxystrobin and spinetoram respectively. While, in the case of treatment with neem leaf extract, a cholinesterase enhancement case was found in the clittelum region at 15.09%, 09.04% and 30.23% at the intervals of 30sec, 60 Sec and 90 Sec respectively. In the abdomen region amongst all the treatments, the cholinesterase inhibition was found at 30sec as 90.00%>81.58%>64.89%>64.89%>51.50% at post treatments of nitenpyram, sulfoxaflor, spinetoram, azoxystrobin and neem leaf extract respectively, the cholinesterase inhibition was found at 60 sec as 74.29%>73.96%>73.96%>60.59%>52.77% post treatments of spinetoram, nitenpyram, sulfoxaflor, azoxystrobin and neem leaf extract respectively, the cholinesterase inhibition was found at 90sec as 77.76%>68.84%>50.72%>34.61% >33.58% at post treatment of spinetoram, nitenpyram, azoxystrobin, neem leaf extract and sulfoxaflor respectively. In the present work, the impacts of sulfoxaflor, nitenpyram, spinetoram, azoxystrobin and Azadirachta indica (Neem) on exposure to earthworm Pheretima Posthuma Kinbergin peristomium, clitellum and abdomen regions have been determined by employing 6% native gel electrophoresis. The estimated proteins as observed in the region of peristomium of earthworm designated as proteins–Rm–0.987 and Rm–0.025 were found only in neem treated, proteins–Rm–0.900, Rm–0.600 and Rm–0.125 were newly appeared in azoxystrobin treated, proteins–Rm–0.892 and Rm– 0.383 were present in sulfoxaflor treated, newly appeared proteins–Rm–0.851, Rm–0.679 and Rm–0.283 were present in nitenpyram treated, proteins–Rm–0.567, Rm–0.370 and Rm–0.271 were found in spinetoram treated only and proteins–Rm–0.650, Rm–0.450, Rm–0.312 and Rm–0.135 were observed in control samples. Some proteins were found in contrast treatments i.e. proteins–Rm–0.925 and Rm–0.135 were present in control and neem treated, protein- Rm–0.792 has been found in control and azoxystrobin treated and a distinctive protein–Rm–0.723 has been only found in sulfoxaflor and spinetoram treated worms. In the clitellum regions, appeared proteins–Rm–0.938, Rm–0.809, Rm–0.415 and Rm–0.158 were present in sulfoxaflor treated, proteins–Rm–0.937, Rm-0.737and Rm–0.150 have been found in spinetoram treated, proteins–Rm–0.925, Rm–0.792, Rm–0.450 and Rm–0.312 were found in control, proteins–Rm–0.920, Rm–0.400 and Rm–0.162 have been observed in nitenpyram treated, proteins–Rm–0.887, Rm–0.762, Rm–0.375, Rm–0.125 and Rm–0.025 have been observed in neem treated and Protein–Rm–0.250 was present in azoxystrobin treated samples only. While, few same proteins were found in contrast treatments i.e. protein–Rm–0.600 was merely found in sulfoxaflor and nitenpyram treated, protein–Rm–0.525 was observed in azoxystrobin and neem leaf extract treated samples and proteins– Rm–0.650 and Rm– 0.135 were observed in control and azoxystrobin treated. Whereas, in the abdomen regions freshly, emerged proteins–Rm–0.975, Rm– 0.875, Rm–0.737, Rm–0.387, Rm–0.387 and Rm–0.050 were present in neem treated samples, proteins–Rm–0.925, Rm–0.792, Rm–0.650, Rm–0.450, Rm–0.312 and Rm– 0.135 were found in control treated, proteins–Rm–0.827, Rm–0.617, Rm–0.419 and Rm–0.209 were found in nitenpyram treatement, proteins–Rm–0.756, Rm–0.609, Rm–0.390 and Rm–0.219 were merely found in spinetoram treated samples, unique proteins-Rm–0.750, Rm–0.612, Rm–0.412, Rm–0.325 and Rm–0.0625 were only found in azoxystrobin treated and proteins–Rm–0.861, Rm–0.646 and Rm–0.507 have been observed in sulfoxaflor treated samples, while, all above mentioned proteins absent in contrast treatments of sulfoxaflor, nitenpyram, spinetoram, azoxystrobin, neem treated and control samples.
Timeline of major events relating to the life of The Prophet(P)
CE 570: Birth of the Prophet. 610: Beginning of the Revelation of The Qur’an. 613: The Prophet formally begins his Mission with preaching and advocacy. 615: Refuge of some Muslims in Abyssinia. 617: Siege of the Prophet and his family. 619: Death of the Prophet’s wife and his first-born son. 620: The Prophet’s Night Journey to Jerusalem and the Heavens. 620: Pledge of Aqabah in preparation for his migration. 622: Migration to Madeenah. AH 02/CE 624: Battle of Badr. 03/625: Battle of Uhud. 05/627: Battle of the Trench. 06/628: Treaty of Hudaybia. 08/629: Makkah reverts to Islam. 08/630: Battle of Hunayn, Battle of Ta’ef. 09/631: Tabuk Expedition. 10/632: Farewell Pilgrimage. 11/632: The Prophet leaves this world.
Prisoners’ reintegration is the core concept of almost all penal systems in the world. One of the potent tools to ensure prisoners’ reintegration is effective network of religious services within prisons. This paper aims at exploring the role of religious interventions in the reintegration of prisoners with specific focus on Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) jails. Six high profile jails---Central Jail Peshawar, Haripur, Bannu, and District Jail Timergara, Mardan and Kohat of KP were purposively selected. Mixed methodology, more specifically concurrent triangulation technique, was used to collect and analyze the data. Of all 261 respondents, 250 comprised of jail inmates (under-trial and convicted adults and juveniles male prisoners) were randomly selected within the six jails of the province and interviewed through semi-structured questionnaire. The remaining 11 respondents, purposively selected and interviewed through interview-guide included jail officials of all the selected prisons (6 in numbers) and ex-prisoners (5 in numbers). It was found that a clear majority of the respondents considered religious interventions instrumental in accomplishing the goal of prisoners’ reintegration i.e, making them law abiding, productive, contributing and pro-social citizens. Many of the apparently incorrigible and potentially dangerous prisoners altered the course of their lives once they went through religious programs inside prisons. It was also discovered that in KP prisons, there was no effective network of chaplaincy services, and often these services were provided by self-motivated religious prisoners and rarely by the prison management with the collaboration of NGOs. Yet, the existing religious interventions had an extraordinary impact in terms of reforming the inmates. Hence, it is recommended that any prisons’ reform strategy must incorporate a well-designed framework of religious programs to transform criminals into an asset for society.
The aim of this study is to contribute to the growing research of meaningful individual readiness for change.
These topics have attracted interest both in the academia and in the wider public during the last decades. This
is due to a growing research in positive psychology and positive organizational scholarship and because
increasingly many people want to experience their work as meaningful.
My aim is to understand the sources of meaningful work and how do employees actively change themselves
according to the rapidly changing environment so that their work to become more meaningful. The target
group is software engineers (programmers and developers) working at software houses of Evacuee Trust
Islamabad Pakistan. It is an interesting study target as there is no research of this profession and this level of
employees related to meaningful work.
The perspective of this study is individual readiness for change, and this study aims to understand how
meaningful Leadership. Organizational commitment and organizational culture with the moderating effect of
behavioral resistance to change are connected to employee readiness for change.