Home > Toxicopathological Effects of Concurrent Feeding of Organophosphate and Arsenic and its Attenuation With Polyphenolic Grape Seed Extract in Broiler Chicks
Toxicopathological Effects of Concurrent Feeding of Organophosphate and Arsenic and its Attenuation With Polyphenolic Grape Seed Extract in Broiler Chicks
During last many decades there is frightening increase in the use of insecticides which is a dangerous situation for the humans mainly due to the residual effect of the pesticides in crops/vegetables. Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate pesticide is being extensively used in the field of agriculture and veterinary science. In the mammals and birds, the chlorpyrifos intoxication is due to the inhibition of acetylcholine esterase which is responsible for the degradation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the resultant cholinergic over stimulation leads to the manifestations of neurotoxicity. In Pakistan, the water quality in many areas is poor and the contamination with arsenic is one of the major causes of deterioration. Arsenicosis is one of the major clinical syndromes present in Pakistan due to drinking arsenic rich water. Polyphenolic grape seed extract (PGE) is an antioxidant nutritive supplement having broad spectrum properties and can be used to ameliorate the effects of arsenic and chlorpyrifos. The present study was planned to document the all possible toxicological effects of organophosphate, arsenic and their amelioration with polyphenolic grape seed extract in broiler chicks. For this purpose, three experiments were conducted. The 1st experiment was conducted only with chlorpyrifos on 120 day-old broiler chicks divided in to 4 equal groups to check the toxicopathological effects. The groups were allotted according to the doses of the chlorpyrifos 5, 10, 20mg/kg BW and control. The selective doses of chlorpyrifos were given for two weeks and for the rest of experiment the birds were fed without chlorpyrifos, i.e., normal feeding. The clinical signs observed during the experiment were salivation, lacrimation, frequent defecation, gasping, tremors and convulsions. In the present study decreased feed intake in dose dependent manner was observed. The changes in body weight were also dose dependent. The changes in blood parameters induced by chlorpyrifos were noted in the present experiment. A significant decrease in the values of total erythocytic count, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and total leukocytic count as compared to control were observed in treatment groups during the treatment period. A significant increase in aspartate amimotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total proteins and total albunmin levels were xxiv observed in the treated groups as compared to control during the treatment period. Nonsignificant results were observed in total globulin as compared to control during the experiment. Significantly lower level of acetyl cholinesterase was observed in blood, serum and plasma during the treatment period. The relative weights of liver, kidney and thymus were significantly higher in treated groups as compared to control. However, significant decrease in relative weight of bursa was observed in treatment groups as compared to control. Non-significant difference in relative weight of intestine, brain and spleen among various groups was observed. Grossly, mild hemorrhages were observed in liver treated with different doses of chlorpyrifos. In kidneys, mild to moderate congestion and swelling were observed in treated groups. Microscopically, tubular epithelial necrosis and detachment of epithelium from basement membrane were noticed. Moderate necrotic changes and vacuolar degeneration in lymphoid follicles were observed in bursa of Fabricius. In thymus, moderate to severe necrosis, congestion and vacuolar degeneration were observed. In spleen, mild to moderate congestion and necrosis were observed. Liver showed mild congestion, degenerative changes, congestion and cytoplasmic vacuolation. Necrosis and disruption of the epithelium of villi were observed in the intestine. Mild to moderate necrotic changes were observed in the brain. In 2nd experiment, effects of concurrent feedings of organophosphate and arsenic were recorded in 150 day-old broiler chicks which were divided in to five equal groups. The groups were allotted different doses of the chlorpyrifos (5mg, 10mg and 20mg/kg BW) and arsenic (50mg/kg BW), i.e., 5mg +arsenic 50mg, 10mg + arsenic 50mg, 20mg + arsenic 50mg, arsenic 50mg/kg BW and control. Clinical signs observed during the second experiment were almost similar as described in experiment one. However, in the treated groups when arsenic was administered in combination with chlorpyrifos, the severity of clinical signs were high in a dose dependent manner as compared to control. Arsenic alone and in combination with chlorpyrifos resulted in reduced feed intake and body weight as compared to control. In the present study, decrease in total erythrocytic count, hematocrit, hemoglobin and total leukocytic count by exposure of arsenic alone or in combination with chlorpyrifos was observed. Increase in total proteins and albumin was observed in high dose group as compared to control. However, non-significant effect xxv on globulin was observed in this experiment. Increase in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were observed in high dosed groups in combination of arsenic and chlorpyrifos as compared to control and other groups. Similar findings were observed in acetyl cholinesterase levels in blood, serum and plasma as in experiment one. The relative weight of kidney was higher in groups fed higher levels of arsenic and chlorpyrifos as compared to control and there was no change observed considerably in arsenic treated group. The increase in the relative weight of intestine was also observed in highest dose combination group as compared to control, while no change was observed considerably in other groups in this experiment. The decrease in the relative weights of bursa and thymus was observed as compared to control and no considerable change was observed in the relative weights of spleen and brain in this experiment. Grossly and microscopically, lesions of similar kind were observed in all organs as in experiment one. In ameliorative effect of polyphenolic grape seed extract was recorded in last experiment. For this purpose 360 day-old broiler birds were divided in to twelve equal groups. The groups were allotted different doses of the chlorpyrifos (10mg and 20mg/kg BW), arsenic (50mg/kg BW) and polyphenolic grape seed extract (80mg/kg BW), i.e., 10mg, 20mg, 10mg + arsenic 50mg, 20mg + arsenic 50mg, arsenic 50mg, PGE 80mg, PGE 80mg + 10mg, PGE 80mg + 20mg, PGE 80mg + arsenic 50mg, PGE 80mg + 10mg + arsenic 50mg, PGE80mg + 20mg + arsenic 50mg and control. In the present study, the treated groups when given in addition of polyphenolic grape seed extract showed decreased intensity of clinical signs as compared to other groups. The addition of polyphenolic grape seed extract in treatment groups (chlorpyrifos and arsenic) showed improved in feed intake. Over all, considerable increase was observed in erythrocyte indices in polyphenolic grape seed extract treated groups as compared to other groups, also there was considerable decrease in enzymes level except acetyl cholinesterase which was increased in groups treated with polyphenolic grape seed extract. In contrast to first and second experimental findings, increase or decrease in the relative weights of liver, kidney, bursa, brain, intestine, spleen and thymus was observed in the third experiment. This improvement in these parameters about the above said organs indicates the xxvi ameliorating effect of polyphenolic grape seed extract. Grossly and microscopically, the groups treated with polyphenolic grape seed extract showed considerably less degenerative changes as compared to other groups treated with chlorpyrifos alone or in combination with arsenic.
مراتب اخترنے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اپنے منفرد ڈِکشن کی بنا پر شہرت حاصل کی۔ انھیں مجیدامجد کی صحبت سے فیض یاب ہونے کا موقع بھی مِلا۔ مجیدامجد سے اُن کی ملاقاتیں بھی اُن کے جدید شعری رجحان کا سبب بنیں۔ مجیدامجد مراتب اختر کے بارے میں کہتے ہیں:
یہ ایک شاعر ہیں جو غزل کہتے ہیں اور غزل ان کے عقیدئہ حیات کا ایک جزو ہے۔ یہ عقیدہ ان کی رُوح کے لیے شرط ایمان ہے، کوئی عجب شیفتگی ہے جو انھیں اس صنف کے ساتھ ہے۔ ایک عمر سے وہ غزل کے مصنوعی انداز کو نکھارنے میں مصروف ہیں۔ یہاں ان اشعار کے اندر ایک بالکل نیا چہرہ مفاہیم ہے۔ لذتِ بیان کی ایک انوکھی سرشاری ہے۔ بظاہر ایک سہمی ہوئی آواز ہے لیکن دراصل یہ اپنی ہی توانائی سے شرمائی ہوئی آواز ہے۔ نئے اِمکانات اظہار ہیں، نیا جلوئہ حروف ہے۔ ایسا معلوم ہوتا ہے گویا اظہار کے پردے میں شاعر اپنے آپ ہی سے مخاطب ہے۔ خود ہی اپنی آواز، خود ہی اس کا سننے والا اور خود ہی اس سے کیفیت گیر ہے۔ ان اشعار پر مکاشفوں کا گمان ہوتا ہے۔ اپنے تاثر پر اپنا اعتقاد، اپنے اعتقاد پر اپنا ایمان، اپنے اسی اطمینان کا وقار، ان کے ہر شعر سے جھلکتا ہے۔ جابجا ایک ضبط ہے جس کی اپنی تمکنت ہے۔ ایک شکستگی ہے جس کا اپنا جلال ہے۔ ایک کرب مہجوری ہے، جس میں گراوٹ نہیں متانت ہے۔ ایسا احساس ہوتا ہے جیسے محبوب کے ساتھ بات کرتے وقت شاعر کے لہجے میں محبوب کا انداز رضامندی اس میں شامِل ہو گیا ہے۔۔۔ جہاں خارجی اشیاء کا بیان ہے، وہاں یوں لگتا ہے جیسے یہ اشیاء اپنا ٹھوس وجود...
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على الدور الوسيط للإبداع الإداري في العلاقة بين التسويق الإلكتروني وجودة الخدمات المصرفية على البنوك التجارية العاملة بالمملكة العربية السعودية (الراجحي، العربي، ساب). وتمثلت مشكلة الدراسة في السؤال الرئيس التالي: هل الإبداع الإداري يتوسط العلاقة بين التسويق الإلكتروني وجودة الخدمات المصرفية بالبنوك التجارية العاملة بالمملكة العربية السعودية (الراجحي، العربي، ساب) ؟ استخدم المنهج الوصفي، تم استخدام اسلوب الحصر الشامل، وصممت استبانة لجمع البيانات، تم بناء نموذج الدراسة وفرضياته اعتماداً على أدبيات الدارسة. تم توزيع عدد 205 استبانة، حيث بلغت نسبة البيانات الصالحة للتحليل 100%. وكذلك تم الاعتماد على نمذجة المعادلة البنائية (SEM) وفيها استخدم برنامج Amos)) وتم استخدام اختبار ألفا كرونباخ للاعتمادية واستخدام أسلوب تحليل المسار لاختبار فرضيات الدارسة. توصلت الدراسة الي وجود توسط جزئي للإبداع الإداري في العلاقة بين التسويق الإلكتروني وجودة الخدمات المصرفية. اوصت الدراسة بان على المصارف التجارية الاهتمام بالإبداع الإداري ودعم العاملين لتقديم الأفكار الجديدة وتطوير العمل بتلقائية ويسر. وضرورة ان تقدم المصارف خدمات مصرفية ترضى العملاء. الكلمات المفتاحية: التسويق الإلكتروني، الترويج، الإبداع الإداري، المصارف.
Groundnut is an important cash crop of Pothwar region (Attock and Chakwal districts) of Pakistan. This crop faces iron deficiency in the region due to calcareousness of soils. Iron is ranked fourth abundant element comprising 5% of the crust of earth. However due to high pH (7.5-8.5) of soils; iron availability to the plants is limited, as a 44result groundnut yield is significantly decreased. Development of tolerant genotypes under iron limitation is the widely acceptable strategy practiced all over the world. This study was planned to identify locally grown groundnut genotypes tolerant to iron deficiency, and to investigate chemical amendments for mitigation of iron deficiency. To achieve the objectives hydroponics and pot experiments were performed in triplicate in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) under iron sufficient and iron deficient conditions at National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. Seeds were obtained from BARI (Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal) and NARC, Islamabad. Amongst all tested genotypes, BARI-2000 performed well in soils as well as in hydroponics under iron limited conditions, whereas BARD-699 was found susceptible to iron deficient conditions with iron deficiency tolerance indexes of 56% and 36% respectively. The data were further supported by iron reducing capacity of both genotypes. Iron reducing capacity of BARI-2000 was the highest 4 days after iron deficiency stress (15.3 μmol per g 2 h fresh weight of plants) as compared to other genotypes, while BARD-699 showed significantly low iron reducing capacity (5.8 μmol per g 2 h fresh weight of plants). For amelioration of iron deficiency in BARI-2000 and BARD-699, various chemicals (Fe-EDTA, FeSO4, citric acid, sequestrene, and surfactant) were used. Several morpho-physiological parameters were recorded under various amendments. BARD-699 was more responsive to foliar applications, while BARI-2000 was found more responsive to Fe-EDTA. Foliar applications were found more effective in reducing iron chlorosis as compared to soil applications of chemical amendments. Molecular markers data showed genotypic similarities amongst genotypes. BARI-2000 was related to 96CG005 and both the genotypes were tolerant to iron deficiency. Four varieties viz., Banki, BARI-2000, BARD-699 and Chakori were used to study the expression levels of eight genes (AhIRT1, AhFRO1, AhNRAMP1, AhYSL1, AhYSL3, AhYSL4, AhYSL6 and AhFER3) involved in uptake and translocation of iron under iron limited conditions through real time PCR analysis. BARI-2000 and Chakori were closely related based on gene expression and pot experiment data. Expression level of AhIRT1 was low in BARI-2000 and Chakori in roots under iron deficient conditions, whereas the same was higher in shoots. The tolerant genotypes can be used in hybridization programs for improving yield and iron deficiency tolerance in groundnut.