The present research project was carried out at the Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, which is situated at 31 o N and 71 o E with elevation of 174 m from sea level. Research trials were conducted on the effects of agro-climatic conditions of Dera Ismail Khan on potato bulking rate, weed control in potato using different strategies and performance of several varieties/clones in autumn season. Before going into field trials, a survey research was carried out from 50 vegetable growers in Dera Ismail Khan District to assess the knowledge of growers and to uncover the reasons of low or no potato production in the area. Age, education level, tenancy status, land holding and gender status of the sampled population were also assessed. Results revealed that only 8% possessed little knowledge of potato production. Major barriers in potato production appeared to be lack of scientific knowledge, weed and pest problems, nutritional management, un-availability of high yielding varieties, seed source and potato harvesting time. Almost 100% of the growers were unaware of the potato varieties, stage of harvest and pest control. Exact sowing time was not known to 92% of the sampled population. Knowledge of weed and nutritional management in potato crop was completely unknown to 98% respondents. First set of field trials was conducted to optimize the sowing date and crop growth period of potato during autumn 2003 and 2004. Total number of stems increased with the delay in planting in both years. Total numbers of tubers per unit area and percentage of large sized tubers (> 55 mm) were highest at earliest planting. Smaller tubers (< 35 mm) increased with delay in planting and small sized tubers were maximum at sowing date Oct. 24 in 2003 and at sowing date Oct. 15 in 2004. Total tuber yield was also higher at earlier planting (Oct. 03, 2003 and Sep. 24, 2004) as compared to planting at later dates. However, dry matter was higher at delayed planting. Plant dry bio-mass was higher by planting the potato earlier at Oct. 03, 2003 and Sep. 24, 2004. Harvesting potato at various intervals also significantly affected these parameters. Total number of tubers, percent larger and medium sized tubers, tuber yield and plant dry bio-mass increased with the delay in harvesting in both years. However dry matter in tuber was found higher at earlier harvestings. xAnother experiment was carried out to select the best weed control strategy for autumn grown potato. All the weed management plots produced significantly higher percentage of large tubers. While leaving the weeds throughout the season (Weedy- check) resulted in maximum percentage of small tubers; controlling the weed chemically or manually significantly improved the marketable yield as compared to weedy-check. Significantly lower population of weeds was recorded in weed- controlled plots at the end of growing season. At the end of growing season weeds found in weedy-check were; Anagallis arvensis (47.54% in year-1 and 39.56% in year-2), Cyperus rotundus (13.11% and 18.68%), Convolvulus arvensis (9.84% and 12.09%), Chenopodium album (6.56% and 6.59%), Rumex dentatus (3.28% and 4.40%), Cynodon dactylon (6.56% and 6.59%) and Meliotus indica (13.11% and 12.09%) in a two years study. In an other experiment 30 potato clones/varieties were evaluated during the first year of study. Out of thirty clones/varieties fifteen performed better in term of yield during the first year of study. These 15 clones/varieties along with another commercial cultivar ‘Cardinal’ were tested in 2 nd year. Great variations were observed among the 16 clones for tubers’ distribution in term of number and weight, total yield, marketable yield, plant height days to sprouting, percent plant survival, and stem plant -1 . Cardinal produced highest tuber yield closely followed by Desiree, Raja, Diamant, NARC-3, 9813, 9802 and 394021 with yield ranged from 13.66 to 19.21 t ha -1 .
"شیطان تو یہی چاہتا ہے کہ شراب اور جوئے کے ذریعے تمہارے درمیان دشمنی اور بغض کے بیج ڈال دے اور تمہیں اللہ کی یاد اور نماز سے روک دے ، اب بتاؤ کہ کیا تم ان چیزوں سے باز آ جاؤ گے"۔
اس آیت میں ’’فھل انتم منتھون ‘‘ در اصل ’’انتھوا عنھا‘‘ کے معنی میں مستعمل ہے ۔
"اس کے بعد اگر یہ تمہاری بات قبول نہ کریں تو (اے لوگو) یقین کر لو کہ یہ وحی صرف اللہ کےحکم سے اتری ہےاور یہ کہ اللہ کے سوا کوئی عبادت کے لائق نہیں، تو کیا اب تم فرما بردار بنو گے"۔
جناب فلاحی کی رائے میں آیت مذکور میں ’’فھل انتم مسلمون‘‘ استفہام کے معنی میں نہیں بلکہ امر کے مفہوم میں استعمال ہوا ہے یعنی ’’اسلموا لھذا لاکتاب و آمنو ‘‘ ۔[[3]]
The public's reaction to the implementation of health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic is discussed in this report, as well as the idea of enforcing public health protocols, the relevance of implementing health protocols, and the public's reaction to implementing health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. This thesis is a quantitative one that relies on data gathered from surveys. The public reaction demonstrates that health guidelines are needed to strengthen attempts to avoid and monitor COVID-19 for people in public places and hospitals in order to avoid the emergence of new epicenters / clusters during the pandemic, as shown by the 78 percent who cooperate and the 22 percent who deliberately and inadvertently disregard. The community's position in breaking the COVID-19 transmission chain, or the possibility of contracting and distributing it, must be accomplished by the implementation of health protocols. The community's reaction to COVID 19 varies; some people really follow the government's protocol, which some people understand; but, for economic reasons, they still operate outside the home to survive.
Salinization is one of the environmental factorthat limits growth as well as yield of rice plants. Under stress tolerance plants change their growth along with various physiological and biochemical change. These changesresulted as activated signaling cascade and metabolic pathways. In this study, phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors i.e. Neomycin(control and 100 µM) and U-73122 (Ethanol and 100 µM) were used as foliar applicationon rice (Bas-385, Bas-2000, Bas-370 and Shaheen) in saline conditions(control, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl). The trials were conducted in complete randomize design using four replications. Data for range of attributeshas been determined at vegetative and reproductive growth stage.Sodium chloridedecreased growth, water and osmotic potential, gas exchange characteristics, total soluble proteins and yield attributes while it increased chlorophyll a and b content, chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot root sodium, potassium, calcium ions, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glycinebetaine (GB) leaf free proline, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in both experiments. Foliar application of neomycin decreased shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll a, b, Fv/Fm, stomatal conductance (gs), water and osmotic potential, root potassium, shoot calcium, MDA, H2O2, proteins while it increased shoot length, electron transport rate (ETR), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), co-efficient of non-photochemical quenching (qN), photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), shoot sodium, potassium, GB, free proline, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, SOD, POD, CAT, total number fertile tillers. Foliar applied U-73122 increased growth, chlorophyll a contents, qN, E, turgor pressure and sodium, potassium and calcium level, H2O2, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, grain number and 100 grains weight.It decreased chlorophyll b, A, water use efficiency (A/E), water and osmotic potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, free proline, MDA, proteins, SOD and POD activity and root calcium ion accumulation. Of all rice cultivars in the first experiment cv. Bas-2000 proved to be best in growth and yield attributes. In the second experiment cv. Bas-370 showed better results for growth, water relations and enzymatic antioxidant at both growth stages.