کیا کوئی ضابطہ ایسا کسی آئین میں ہے : کہ وہ مجرم ہے جو تہذیب کی تزئین میں ہے
میرے اس عہد میں رسوا جسے ٹھہرایا گیا : اُس کی عظمت کا بیاں سورۃٔ والتّین میں ہے[۱]
پوچھ سکتا ہوں میں اے صاحبِ دستار و عمل : کیوں کمر بستہ تو اقدار کی توہین میں ہے
جو بھی لب وا ہو مرے عہد میں وہ لب سی دو : یہ بھی اک حکم مرے شاہ کے فرامین میں ہے
اژدرِ کذب نے سچائی کو کھا ڈالا ہے : کوئی وقعت کہاں اب تیرے براہین میں ہے
تیری قسمت پہ تڑپ اٹھتا ہوں اے خاکِ وطن : جو مرے عہد کے اب دستِ سلاطین میں ہے
تو نے کیا خود کو سرائیل سمجھ رکھا ہے : کیوں ترا دخل مرے دل کے فلسطین میں ہے
جس قدر آج یہاں اونچی ہوا میں اُڑ لیں : آخری فیصلہ دیوانِ علیّین میں ہے
وقت کو جو لیے پھرتا تھا کبھی مٹھی میں
اب وہ شاکر نہ ہی تیرہ میں ہے نے تین میں ہے
The Qur’an has mentioned, among so many things, animal blood and flesh. It so appears that all of its statements on these two matters are invariably in agreement with the modern medical science. The Qur’an declares the dead-animal as forbidden for consumption. There are reasons for that. Medical science provides justification for non-consumption of dead animals’ flesh and blood. This article discusses how medical science supports the Qur’anic injunction on animals’ flesh and blood.
Air injection into light oil reservoirs is now a proven field technique, because of the unlimited availability and low access cost of the injectant. One of the key of a successful air injection project is the evaluation of the process by carrying out representative laboratory studies. In this research, experimental set up has been developed to understand air injection process for improving oil recovery for depleted light oil reservoirs and the parameters on the basis of different petrophysics and fluid sample properties. In order to provide reliable experimental data, pressure and temperature experiments (up to 11032 KPa and 600 °C), at non-Isothermal conditions ramp of 5 o C/ min., were performed with unconsolidated cores (sand pack) and reservoir oils, at representative conditions of the air injection process into light oil reservoirs. The effects of porous media type, gas flux, heat input, water saturation and total pressure on the rates of the in- situ oxidation reaction were measured. When air is injected, the oxygen contained in the air (mainly of 79 % N 2 and 21% O 2 ) reacts with the hydrocarbons in place, by oxidation reaction. The produced combustion gases consisting of CO 2 , CO, O 2 and N 2 depend on the temperature conditions and the nature of the crude oil. The generation of a high temperature oxidation zone is preferable for its higher oxygen uptake potential, it’s more efficient carbon oxides generation and the creation of an oil bank downstream of the thermal front, both of the latter factors contribute to the improvement of the recovery. In both cases, the important point to assess is the oxygen consumption to prevent oxygen arrival at the producers and to sustain the combustion front. This is one of the main objectives of the air injection experiments. By continuous analysis of the produced gases from the reactor, at linearly increased temperature rate, it was found that combustion of crude oil in porous media follows a complex series of reactions. These reactions can be divided into three sequences :( 1) low temperature oxidation, (2) fuel deposition, and (3) fuel combustion. A model is proposed to analyze and differentiate among these reactions. The method developed is reasonably fast and can be used to measure the oxidation and deposition of fuel for a given crude oil and porous medium.The major conclusions are: 1. 100 percent utilization of oxygen was observed. 2. Significant oil recovery was achieved about 85 percent of original oil in place (OOIP). 3. The generation of flue gases by oxidation process was very efficient in terms of carbon oxides with an average percentage of gas composition of 10 % CO 2 and 4 % of CO and balance unreacted oxygen. 4. The H/C ratio for the deposited fuel decreases when temperature increases. 5. Increasing the injection pressure of system decreases the m-ratio [(CO/ (CO+CO 2 )] Expressions were obtained for low temperature oxidation rate of oil, the fuel deposition rate and the burning rate of fuel as a function of fuel concentration The relative reaction rate of carbon oxidation was used. The activation energy of each reaction was different for most of the runs. A significant effect of the heat input on activation energy was observed, a lower heat input producing larger activation energy. The effect of total pressure up to 11032 KPa indicated kinetic control with 21 % Oxygen partial pressure. This research will contribute to the overall understanding of air injection process and enable to be made of the most appropriate technique for a given reservoir. Use of less expensive method in tertiary phase will encourage the producers for additional recovery in this area.