الروايات التاريخية الأندلسية بين الفن والواقع دراسة مقارنة بين الأدبين العربي والأردي

Comparative study is one of the most important aspects of literary criticism in literature. It helps us to discover what differentiates the work of different writers in different literatures. It clarifies many important aspects which may have been left unnoticed while studying independently. It opens many vistas of literary research. In the present dissertation an effort has been made to compare Jurj฀ Zayd฀n, M฀r฀f al Arnaw฀t, Abdul Hal฀m Sharar and An฀yatull฀h Al-Tamash as historical novelists because most of these writers considered as pioneer of historical novels, while everyone is at top list in novel writing in respective country. The present work on a comparative study of historical novelists of Arabic and Urdu literature (about Spanish Era) may, perhaps, be the first research work in Arabic on four writers belonging to four different climates, cultures and origins by any University in Pakistan In this research work you will find out, the similarities and differences in the narrative techniques of writers in their novels and how these writers creates a conformity between romance and real history through literary innovation. In what way they represent the distinctive individualities and civilizations of a particular era. What aspects of theme, characterization and various narrative techniques they use to make the historical novel an attractive and coherent representation of the social and political life. There is a certain connection and dependence on history but using imagination how they contributes to color the descriptive details with romantic flavor. You will find out whether these writers work subordinated to history or distorting history. History tells us what really happens and fiction relates what can happen. In the historical novel the writer tries to create a coalition between history and fiction. In this research you will find that coalition.

Fixed and Coincidence Best Proximity Points in Sets With Certain Distance Structures

Fixed point theory provides a useful tool for solving problems arising in various branches of mathematical analysis and its related disciplines. This theory deals with the investigation of less restrictive conditions on mappings that guarantee the of existence of their fixed point and study of conditions which assure uniqueness of fixed point. On the other hand, though best approximation theorems ensure the existence of approximation solutions, such results need not yield optimal solutions. But, best proximity point theorems provide sufficient conditions that assure the existence of approximate solutions which are optimal as well. In this thesis, we are mainly concerned convex type contractions, α-η-Weakly Zamfirescu contraction and α-η-Ciri´c strong al- ´ most contraction. We obtained related fixed point and approximate fixed theorems in the framework of complete G-metric space which are more general than ordinary metric spaces. We also obtained coincidence best proximity point results of Fg-weak contraction mapping and (ϕ, θ, α, g)-contraction mapping in partially ordered metric spaces and in G-metric spaces, respectively. Best proximity points for proximal cyclic contraction of Perov type, quasi contraction, Perov-Ciric quasi contraction and Perov-Fisher quasi contraction in the setup of complete cone metric space are also obtained.