This thesis is concerned with the problem of tumor extraction and classification. The process of tumor detection and classification is a complex and time consuming task since it requires a careful assessment of medical images. In the effort to produce more efficient and accurate results, image analysis techniques are frequently being used. Therefore, developing a system which could accurately segment the tumor affected regions and categorize the tumors in different classes is very important. It is of benefit to develop a computer system which assists radiologists and also reduces the subjectivity and human errors involved in the diagnosis. The aim was to develop reliable methods that contribute towards accurate extraction and classification of tumor from medical images. This thesis contributes in all major steps of a computer aided system i.e. image preprocessing, image segmentation, feature extraction and classification. In image pre-processing, two image fusion techniques for multi-modal medical images based on local features and fuzzy logic are presented. In first scheme, local entropy and variance are used to calculate the information in images. The scheme assigns weights to pixels depending upon the amount of information. The main advantage of the proposed fuzzy logic based image fusion scheme is improvement in fused results. The second scheme uses undecimated wavelet, local features, improved guided filter and weighted maps. This scheme offers less spectral distortion and produce better spatial information than the existing techniques. In image segmentation, two segmentation schemes based on weighted fuzzy active contour are presented. vi In these techniques, weights have been assigned in proportion to the information provided by local features, two fuzzy systems (Mamdani inference and Takagi-Sugeno inference) based systems are used for assigning weights. A method is presented for feature extraction and classification by using texture features, invariant moments and perception based features. Optimal feature combination using fuzzy weights and classification using multi-class support vector machines is performed. Simulation results when analyzed visually and quantitatively depict the significance of the proposed schemes compared to existing schemes. The results of all the proposed image fusion schemes are demonstrated through examples of medical images and results of test against conventional schemes
مولانا عبدالسلام فاروقی افسوس ہے کہ پچھلے دنوں مولانا عبدالسلام صاحب فاروقی کا۶۷،۶۸برس کی عمر میں لکھنؤ میں انتقال ہوگیا۔مرحوم بلندپایہ عالم اورخوش بیان مقرر ہونے کے علاوہ بڑے صالح اور متقی بھی تھے۔فقہ ان کاخاص فن تھا اوراستعداد بڑی پختہ تھی۔ اپنے معمولات کے بڑے پابند اورجو بھی ان کے افکاروخیالات تھے ان میں سخت جامد اورکٹر تھے۔تواضع،فروتنی،سادگی اور بے لوثی ان کے اوصاف خصوصی تھے، ان اوصاف وکمالات کے باعث لکھنؤ کے ہرفرقہ اورہرطبقہ میں بڑی عزت اوراحترام کی نظرسے دیکھے جاتے تھے۔ چنانچہ ان کے جنازہ کے نہایت عظیم جلوس میں مسلمانوں کے ہرطبقہ اورہرگروہ کے لوگوں کے علاوہ ان کی تعزیت کرنے والوں میں غیر مسلم حضرات کی بھی معتدبہ تعداد شامل تھی۔ عمل اور اخلاق کے اعتبار سے سلف صالحین کانمونہ تھے۔میں جس سال (غالباً۱۹۲۱ء) مدرسۂ امدادیہ مرادآباد میں داخل ہوا ہوں، اسی سال مرحوم بھی اپنے بڑے بھائی مولوی عبدالغفور مرحوم کے ساتھ مدرسہ میں داخل ہوئے تھے اورمولانا سید مرتضیٰ حسن صاحب چاندپوری کی نگرانی میں رہتے تھے۔ دونوں بھائی نہایت کم آمیز، شرمیلے اورکم گوتھے اورطلباء سے بہت کم ملتے جلتے تھے۔ ایک عرصہ دراز کے بعد علی گڑھ میں ملاقات ہوئی اورمیں نے ان کویہ زمانہ یاد دلایا توانھیں یادآگیا۔ اس کے بعد ابھی ایک برس پہلے جب یہاں دلّی میں ملاقات ہوئی تو بڑی محبت اور تعلق خاطر کے ساتھ پیش آئے۔اب ایسے باوضع،پاک باطن اورپاک نظر لوگ کہاں ملیں گے؟اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے درجات ومراتب بلند فرمائے۔ آمین [ستمبر۱۹۷۳ء]
Abstract By preserving and narrating hadīth, a chain of narrators was started to maintain its authenticity. When the experts of hadīth realized that some unreliable transmitters might try to fabricate Hadīth, this work started more systematically. Even the chain gradually attained such importance that every Muhaddīth was concerned much about it. In the second century of Hijra, when the teaching and learning of hadīth became the standard of honor and great respect, some people devoted their lives to this work. They travelled to many countries of world and obtained the knowledge of Hadīth from prominent scholars of their time. Experts of Asmā-ul-Rijāl awarded them the certificate of holding the highest position of trust and credibility. The chains having such trustworthy transmitters are considered to be of higher rank than others. Among such traditions there is also one "Mālik-an-Nāfi'-an-Ibn-e-Umar". Due to the reliability of its narrators, Imām Bukhāri and many other Muhaddithīn considered it as "golden chain". When some of the Orientalists started raising objections to the Prophetic Hadīth, they criticized the narrators of the Hadīth as well. Especially the narrators who were declared trustworthy and reliable by Muslim scholars. For this, they especially criticized Abu Hūraira from among the companions and Imām Zuhri among the Successors. The chain of hadīth, (Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn e Umar) “golden chain” was also seriously criticized by Joseph Schacht and Juynboll etc. In this article, a comparative study of the viewpoints of the Muhaddithīn and the Orientalists regarding the chain “Mālik an-Nāfi' an-Ibn eUmar” is presented.
There is a good deal of consensus in literature about the significance of the role of the head teacher in schools. Their role is considered as crucial for school effectiveness. This research aimed to explore the role of the head teachers in the teaching and learning process of the school. This study was conducted with three head teachers belonging to different education sectors of Pakistan included government, private for and not-for-profit. The research studied the roles perceived and enacted by the head teachers with a focus on their instructional role. It also investigated the perceptions and understanding of the head teachers about enquiry instructional strategy and the role they played in implementing this strategy in the classroom. In order to achieve the purpose, a qualitative enquiry approach was adopted. The research drew on qualitative data from methods such as conversation, shadowing, document analysis, and reflective journal of the researcher. Role of head teachers was studied under two important dimensions: leadership role which is broader in scope and instructional role which is the specific component of leadership role. Three categories captured head teachers' conceptualization and practices of their instructional role: administration of instructional activities, curriculum and classroom instructions, and professional development of teachers. The study revealed that head teachers give their excessive attention to the administration of instructional activities, and less time was spent to perform other two categories of instructional role. This enactment was influenced by certain factors included their own perceptions of their roles, their school structure, their autonomy and their exposure to the professional development programs. The research also showed that the head teachers' understanding about the enquiry instructional strategy was restricted to the knowledge dimension of the same. Other aspects as skills and dispositions were not included in their conceptualization. The head teachers also shared their perceptions of their role in the implementation process. Their perception of their roles was limited to the administrative component of their instructional role ignoring the complex nature of it. Recommendations and suggestions of the research for future study are also pointed out.