پس ماندگی کے مظاہر
’’کماری والا‘‘میں مصنف نے دیہی علاقے سے کہانی کا آغاز کیا۔وہاں کا ماحول ، ثقافت ،سادگی اور غربت و افلاس کی زندگی گزارتے ہوئے لوگوں کی مجبوریاں بیان کی ہیں لیکن یہ ناول کب ان باتوں سے ان پیچیدہ حالات کی طرف رخ کر لیتا ہے جہاں زندگی خودہی مجبوری لگنے لگتی ہے۔ملکی حالات ہوں ،دیہاتی زندگی ہو،شوبز نس کی چمکتی دنیا ہو ،سیاسی ایجنڈا ہو یا پھر مذہبی تکرارناطق نے ہر ایک کو اپنا موضوع بنایا اور ناول کے ذریعے معاشرے کے سامنے معاشرے ہی کی پس ماندگیوں کو عیاں کیا یقینا اس کے پاس الفاظ کا ذخیرہ ہے، انھیں تخیل پرعبور حاصل ہے۔وہ اپنے قلم کی طاقت سے حقیقت کے قریب کہانیاں لکھتے ہیں۔ان کی سوچ میں جیسے قاری کا نقشہ ابھرتا ہے اور معاشرے کا عمیق اور غائر مطالعہ کرنے کے بعد وہ بالکل قاری کو محسوس کرتے ہوئے لکھتے ہیں کہ انسان بعض اوقات ایک وقت میں کئی زندگیاں گزار رہا ہوتا ہے۔ایک پہ بہر حال وہ پردہ رکھتا ہیاور اس پردیکے پیچھے چھپی زندگی ہی آہستہ آہستہ اس پر زندگی کا گھیرا تنگ کر دیتی ہے۔
اس نے کرداروں کی ایک ایسی بستی بسا رکھی ہیجو محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ مکالمے یا منظر نگاری کی وجہ سے نہیں بلکہ کرداروں کی وجہ سے کہانی پروان چڑھ رہی ہے۔وہ معاشرے میں رہتا ہوا ایک عام سا انسان ہوتا ہے اور اپنی زندگی کے تجربا ت کو بیان کرتا چلا جاتاہے۔وہ اردو ادب میں ایک بہت ہی اعلیٰ اضافہ ہیں اس ناول نے انھیں اردو ادب کے ادیبوں میں شمار کردیا ہے۔کماری والا کی تخلیق مصنف کی ایک منفرد کاوش ہے اس منفرد تخلیقی فن کار ی نے انھیں ایک نئی پہچان دی ہے لفظوں میں چھپے ان کے مطلب...
The study investigated the relationship of the multiple intelligences of the Bachelor of Secondary Education students and their teachers in their major subjects. Four hundred eighty-five (485) BSED students and twenty-two (22) teachers in their respective major subjects participated. The result demonstrates statistically significant in the multiple intelligences of the Bachelors of Secondary Education Major in Technology and Livelihood Education and Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health and their teachers in their respective major subjects. However, result also demonstrates no significance in the multiple intelligences of the Bachelors of Secondary Education Major in Filipino, English, and Mathematics and their teachers in their respective major subjects. The study shows that the dominant intelligences of the BSED students and their teachers in their major subjects are the interpersonal, intrapersonal, and their suited intelligences for their major subjects. The result evidently showed that the BSED students and their major teachers are people and self smart. This only shows that as a teacher, one should know how to socialize appropriately with others and have a deeper understanding with themselves. It also showed that the teachers are really smarter than their students in their major field of specialization. Educators must also consider the multiple intelligences of their students to fully develop their learning capabilities.
The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the role of earning measuring management and quality measures in explaining the earning informativeness that affects market value of the firm through involving volatility factors in coefficient of earnings. Moreover, this study assimilates the effect of earning management on capital structure performance and discourses the behavior of capital structure and performance relationship in the presence of earning management. Furthermore, this study also extends the three factor model, with the purpose of capturing irrational behavior of stock returns by incorporating earning management effect (information risk factor) and gearing effect (growth or liquidity factor). For analysis, the data of five countries are employed in the sample that are Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The data of cumulative 802 companies are taken in sample for estimating market valuation through accruals and quality measures and for studying the impact of earning management on capital structure. However, for capturing irrational behavior massive sample of monthly data of cumulatively 1428 companies are employed. The sample period is from 2001 to 2013 in case Pakistan, India, and China, but in case of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, the sample period is from 2008 to 2012. Based on Panel data models, the results reveal that opportunistic earning management is prevalent in all countries except Bangladesh. The opportunistic earning management has inverse effect on earning informativeness. Whereas, efficient earning management has positive effect on earning informativeness. China also depicts opportunistic behavior, which is motivated by the ROE sustainability rules of Chinese securities Regulatory Committee (CSRC). Moreover, in case of China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, high leverage brings earning management in order to reduce debt covenant violation whereas vice versa is true for India, the opportunistic earning management conveys the adverse effect on capital structure performance of the firm, as it subsidized the impact of capital structure on firm performance and also increases the earning risk. Indian firms are more exposed to earning management that adversely affect the capital structure performance and leverage decisions. The size is negatively associated with performance, which is due to the fact that firms forcefully increase size either for strategic reason, institutional reason or principle agent conflict that induces size increase and also brings asset inefficiency due to underutilization of assets. The study showed that growth or liquidity factor and information risk factor are the priced risk factors and capture the variation in stock returns. It is also identified that Chinese firms are illiquid that leads to negative WML factor, which conveys that looser stock have higher returns. This study has implication towards accounting standards, debt covenants, managers and investors, which can restrict the adverse earning management practices. Furthermore, investors can capture the information risk and can engage in more informed trading in the stock markets.