Wastewater is being used frequently in urban and semi urban areas of the world to irrigate vegetables (30% of total wastewater), fodder and food crops. It contains a vast variety of organic and inorganic pollutants along with high concentrations of plant nutrients. Among inorganic pollutants, heavy metals (HM) are of major concerns because of their persistence, toxicity and non-biodegradable nature. The concentrations of toxic metals especially cadmi-um (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) have reached to phytotoxic levels in vegetables irrigat-ed with wastewater in Pakistan. Further, these toxic metals enter the food chain by the con-sumption of contaminated food crops, especially vegetables, and cause many diseases in hu-man beings. The use of biochar as a low-cost biosorbent is an emerging and promising tech-nology for remediation of HM contaminated wastewater and soil. High surface area, wide range of pH, high CEC, long term stability and presence of oxygen-containing functional groups are the properties of biochar, which make it suitable for remediation of HM contami-nated wastewater and soil through various mechanisms, i.e. sorption, altering pH, changing the redox state of the HM, complexation and precipitation of metals. Biochar also has the ability to improve soil nutritional properties along with remediation of HM contaminated soil. This study was based on the hypothesis that use of biochar may decrease the HM uptake in vegetables that are irrigated with wastewater. In a laboratory study, four different biochars were produced by using two feedstocks (green waste and popular twigs) and two pyrolysis temperatures (350 and 650°C). The biochars were characterized on the basis of their nutri-tional, chemical, proximate, molar ratio and oxygen-containing functional groups. The low pyrolytic temperature (350°C) produced biochar from both green waste and popular twigs feedstocks that had better chemical properties (i.e. high CEC) and nutritional properties of N, P and K content as well as contained high concentration of oxygen-containing functional groups as compared with the high pyrolytic temperature (650°C) pro-duced biochar. These four types of produced biochars were also tested to check their effec-tiveness for remediation of HM spiked water and soil. Maximum removal and immobilization of HM (Pb, Cd and Cr) from water and soil were measured by using low pyrolytic tempera-ture produced biochars (i.e. green waste biochar produced at 350°C (GWB350°C) and popu-lar twigs biochar produced at 350°C (PTB350°C)). These two biochars were further evaluat-ed to determine the best rate of biochars on the basis of maximum immobilization and remov-al of HM from soil irrigated with wastewater and from wastewater collected from Chukara Farm, Faisalabad. It was concluded that the 2.0% (w/w) and 4 g L-1 rates of selected biochars for soil and water, respectively, showed maximum immobilization and removal of HM. The main mechanisms for this remediation of HM polluted soil and water was at-tributed to improved soil chemical properties including increased soil CEC and organic car-bon content, enhanced soil microbial biomass carbon and biochar characteristics (i.e. high concentration of oxygen-containing functional groups and high CEC). The addition of bio-char in soil also improved the soil nutritional properties in that it increased total N, available P and extractable K concentrations in soil along with remediation of HM. In a final pot experi-ment study, spinach was grown as a test crop to evaluate the impact of biochar on HM con-centration, and growth, yield and quality of spinach produced when irrigated with wastewater at different fertilizer rates. Results revealed that maximum yield of wastewater irrigated spinach having good nutritious value and health safety standards related to HM was obtained when biochar was directly added soil under 50% of recommended fertilizer dose as compared with irrigation with biochar treated wastewater. Further, among biochar types, the GWB350°C showed significantly better results as compared with the PTB350°C. The overall conclusion from this study was that direct addition of low pyrolytic temperature- produced biochar applied to soil at a rate of 2.0% (w/w) reduced the fertilizer dose needed and gave maximum yields while significantly reducing concentrations of HM in vegetables.
میرے لیڈرز میر مرتضی بھٹو اور شاہ نواز بھٹو شہید کی ایک نایاب وڈیو ۔کابل میں کافی عرصہ مجھے مرتضی بھٹو اور شاہ نواز بھٹو کے ساتھ وقت گزارنے کا موقع ملا ۔جیسا کہ اس وڈیو میں آپ نے دیکھا دونوں کو اتنا ہی دلیر اور بہادر پا یا ۔دونوںنے جس بہادری سے جنرل ضیاء الحق سے جنگ لڑی وہ اپنی مثال آپ ہے ۔اس لڑائی میں میر مرتضی بھٹو اور شاہنواز بھٹو کا جس طرح کرنل قذافی اور حافظ السد نے ساتھ دیا انہوںنے چیئرمین بھٹو سے اپنی دوستی کا حق ادا کیا ۔
مجھے فخر ہے کہ میں میر مرتضی بھٹو شہید اور شاہ نواز بھٹو شہید کے قافلے کا ایک سپاہی تھا ۔
سکھر جیل کی 48سینٹی گریڈ کی گرمی میں پھٹ چکی جلد ،پھنسیوں سے بھر چکے جسم ،کان کے شدید انفیکشن میں مبتلا نصرت بھٹو کی پنکی (بے نظیر) جو پیلے گدلے پانی سے پیاس بجھانے کی ناکام کوشش کرتی رہتی ہے اسے ماں اپنی قید سے اس کی قید میں خط بھیجتی ہے …
میری بہت ہی پیاری پنکی !
دن میں تین چار مرتبہ اپنے جسم پر پانی ڈالوتا کہ حدت کم محسوس ہو ۔اس کو آزمائو ،میں بھی سر جھکا کر گردن کے پیچھے اور سر کے اوپر پانی کے مگ ڈالتی ہوں ۔پھر پنکھے کے نیچے بستر پر لیٹ جاتی ہوں ۔اس طرح کپڑے خشک ہونے تک بہت ٹھنڈک نصیب ہوتی ہے ۔اس طریقے سے پھنسیوں سے بھی حفاظت رہتی ہے ۔یہ شاندار نسخہ ہے ۔میں اس کی پرزور سفارش کرتی ہوں ۔
Islam is a complete code of life and provides the rights to every class of the human beings. Women rights is a kind of such basic rights which were not bothered in the world but Islam provided it to this gender in its ancient age. So many enactments have been made in Pakistan at federal and provincial level. “Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence Act 2016” will be main study of this research article in which. This act was passed rapidly without any detailed discussion on it, so is the reason that it bears so may deficiencies in it. Implementation of this act will surely cause to create the internal problems in family life and will destroy the family system of the era. Some provisions of this act are repugnant to Islamic teachings as well as to ethical norms which make the husband helpless, notorious and such sinful and criminal person who has no right of honor and respect in the society and this will become a permanent document of dishonor which will affect his person as well as his whole family. These main points of this Act will be analyzed in sharia perspective in this research paper.
The number and intensity of crimes in our society is increasing at such a rate that many small non serious crimes are considered normal. Our minds -individually and collectively- are occupied by two types of thought process at each point in time. First, every one of us thinks and plans (legally or illegally) about how to get rich. The second thought that occupies our minds is how to safeguard ourselves and our belongings from being targeted by the criminals. The current research endeavor is an effort to understand the increasing trends of both of our concerns that have deep rooted connections with our personal, social and economic life. The study of crime in economics is not new. The principles of economics have been utilized to understand crime even before Adam Smith, but it was Becker (1968) who popularized the economist’s tool-kit for explaining crime. The economist’s tool-kit that developed after Becker considers the cost-benefit calculus of individuals contemplating to commit a criminal act as the most important element that can be manipulated -through the criminal justice system- to control crime and criminality in the society. The economists’ tool-kit however, by focusing on the criminal justice system variables, ignores other important influences such as individual differences, social structures and the structure of opportunities and setbacks faced by the individuals. While being within the scope of economics, this study argues that besides the criminal justice system variables, individual differences, social influences and the structure of opportunities and setbacks all are relevant factors for understanding crime and criminality. The theoretical arguments developed in this study are empirically tested by using three different and purposively collected data sets from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The first data set is collected from university level students (n = 457) and is utilized for understanding crimes such as academic dishonesty, campus crimes and other relevant crimes. The second data set is collected from ex-prisoners (n = 325) of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa jails and is utilized for evaluating crimes such as violent crimes, property crimes and other crimes prevailing in this sub-sample. The third and final data set consists of university employees (n = 405) where relevant information on whitecollar crimes, academic dishonesty and other related crimes are collected. The three data sets are analyzed using principle component and regression analysis most suited to the estimation of a count dependent variable. Besides Poisson and Negative Binomial regression models, the study also estimate and report results of ordinary least square regressions which serves iv to check robustness of the results. The results obtained from regression analyses are generally supportive of the theoretical implications of the model.More precisely, the results obtained from the regression analysis of the students’ sample reveals that personal morality, human and social capital are important predictors of academic dishonesty and other campus related crimes. Deterrence variables (both social and legal) are however found to have no influence on the crimes considered for the students’ sample. In contrast to the students’ sample, results of the ex-inmate’s sample reveal that human and social capital and deterrence variables all are important predictors of crimes committed by this sub group, but personal morality has no influence. Similarly, in the university employees’ sample, it is found that legal sanctions, morality, human capital and social capital are important predictors of illegal behavior.Results obtained from empirical analysis of the three sub-samples reveals that different crimes are sensitive to different sets of variables. Hence a one-size-fits-all approach for controlling crime in the country is not an appropriate policy. Rather controlling diverse crimes requires - besides a generic approach based on the criminal justice system - that policy needs to be tailored in accordance with the characteristics of crimes and the criminals.