Biosorption is an upcoming technique that refers the use of non-conventional lignocellulosic materials for the detoxification of metal contaminated waters. Various byproducts resulted from agricultural practices have been investigated for this purpose. The present study explores the use of dead biomass generated from Sorghum biocolor L. termed as “Sorghum biomass” in its native as well as in modified form for the remediation of metal contaminated waters. The modification of Sorghum biomass was successfully carried out using commercial urea and thiourea as modifying agents under microwave irradiation. Divalent lead, cadmium and copper and trivalent chromium were chosen for the biosorption studies due to their hindrance to biological degradation and toxicity to life and environment. Sorghum biomass in its native state (SB) and modified states [urea modified (USB) and thiourea modified (TSB)] was characterized chemically and physically. The physical characteristics were performed using various analytical techniques like CHNS, FTIR, SEM, BET surface area and Bulk density. The chemical characteristics were explored using Bohem’s titration procedure and points of zero charge (pHpzc The use of SB, USB and TSB for selected metal ions detoxification was explored in batch mode. The effect of various process parameters like biosorbent dosage, contact ) determination. There was a strong evidence of the presence of functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, amido etc. that were responsible for metal ions binding to biosorbents surface. The increment in surface functionality was observed in USB and TSB. Chemical characteristics confirmed the surface alteration in terms of functional groups as a result of modification of SB by urea and thiourea. time, pH of medium, temperature and initial metal ions concentration was studied and optimized. The optimum removal of metal ions by SB, USB and TSB was found at slightly acidic pH. The data obtained was analyzed using renowned equilibrium models in order to provide insight in to mechanism of the process. The Langmuir model showed a better fit to equilibrium data as compared to other models. The maximum biosorption capacities of SB, USB and TSB for the studied metal ions binding were calculated using Langmuir equation. The values obtained in case of TSB were highest showing the efficacy of it relative to SB and USB. USB also showed significantly higher biosorption capacity values than SB. Kinetic modeling of the equilibrium data showed that the studied biosorption process was governed by pseudo-second order mechanism and boundary layer diffusion was the rate determining step. Thermodynamic studies were also performed which showed that biosorption of studied metal ions by SB, USB and TSB was endothermic and spontaneous. Desorption studies of metal loaded SB, USB and TSB were also carried out in acidic as well as basic medium. Acidic medium was found as the best desorbing medium for metal ions / biomass recovery. The results of our experimental studies indicated that a batch process can be used in an economic and eco-friendly way for metal ions detoxification on industrial scale. Modification was carried out without any solvent making the process more feasible. Both Sorghum biomass and modifying agents, urea and thiourea, are easily available. Hence urea and thiourea modified Sorghum biomass appears to be a good choice for detoxification of metal ions from industrial effluents.
عبداللہ حسین کا یہ ناول"نادار لوگ"ایک تاریخی ناول ہے اور اس میں نو آبادیاتی عہد میں اقدار اور سماجی رویوں کے ساتھ ساتھ معاشرے کے پسے ہوئے طبقے کے استحصال کو نمایاں کرنے کی ایک اہم کاوش ہے۔پاکستان کی تاریخ ادب کے تناظر میں کیا تھی ،ہمیں ان کے اس ناول میں پتہ چلتی ہے۔ناول میں 1947ء کے بعد کے حالات و واقعات یعنی تقسیم کے بعد کن حالات سے گزرنا پڑا، کن واقعات کو برداشت کرنا پڑا اور وہ واقعات جو سیاست اور معاشرتی زندگی کی سطح پر رونما ہوئے اور ان کے کیا نتائج رہے یعنی لوگوں پر کس طرح اثر انداز ہوئے۔ انہیں ناولوں میں موضوع بنایا گیا ہے۔ ملک کی آزادی سے لے کر بہت سے مسائل سامنے آنا شروع ہو گئے تھے۔
ایسے مسائل جنہوں نے پہلے ہی دن بنیادوں کو ہلا کر رکھ دیا تھا۔ مہاجرین جو دربدر ہوگئے تھے۔ان کی آباد کاری کا مسئلہ، اثاثہ جات کی تقسیم کا مسئلہ، اس کے علاوہ اقتصادی اور انتظامی مسائل ایسے مسائل تھے جن سے جڑیں کھوکھلی ہو گئی تھیں۔اس وقت جب کہ انصاف کی ضرورت تھی ا س سے لا علمی کا مظاہرہ کرتے ہوئے جب بد عنوانی کی گئی تو اس نے شروع ہی سے ملک میں نا انصافی اور بد امنی کے بیج بودیے تھے جو کہ آج ایک تن آور درخت بن چکے ہیں۔ جعلی الائنمنٹ کا بازار گرم رہا اور حق تلفیاں ہوئیں جبکہ جاگیردار جو اعلیٰ عہدوں پر فائز تھے۔انہیں پہلے سے بھی زیادہ خوشحال کر دیا گیا۔ اس سے بدعنوانی کی جو فضا قائم ہوئی اس نے محکوم طبقہ کو بالکل کس مپر سی کی زندگی گزارنے پر مجبور کر دیا۔خون کے وہ دھبے صرف کپڑوں پر نہ لگے تھے بلکہ دل و دماغ...
Family is the only institution where the nations are built. Basic moral values are also taught by the family. Manners, ethics and moral values has great importance in islam. That’s why Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) was sent to uphold and uplift ethical values. Being the role model for humanity in all affairs, seerah of Muhammad (PBUH) also provides guidance how to teach ethics and moral values in a family system. This paper will highlight the Prophetic method of teaching ethics and moral values in a family setup.
Doctor-patient medical discourse has not received much attention in the study of health care service delivery in Pakistan. Despite sophisticated technologies for medical diagnosis and treatment, communication remains the primary means by which the doctor and the patient exchange health information. While proper communication determines the quality of medical care, poor communication often results in misunderstanding, causing lack of compliance, dissatisfaction, and negative health outcome of the patients as well as an increased risk of malpractices. In view of this situation, this sociolinguistic study was designed to explore the status of doctor-patient medical discourse in government hospitals of district Rawalpindi. For conducting this study, both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used as well as extensive literature reviews, questionnaire surveys consisting of both open-ended and closed-ended questions for doctors, and structured interview with patients were also done. A survey from eight tehsils of district Rawalpindi was conducted. Following convenience sampling, 400 questionnaires were distributed among the doctors of eight tehsils of district Rawalpindi. Interviews of 24 patients were also conducted along with observation. The results showed how different factors such as l an guage, p atient''s health literacy and health awareness, doctors’ training in communication skills, listening comprehension, privacy, time of consultation affect the doctor-patient medical discourse. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that government should make training of communication skills mandatory for doctors. Hiring of interpreters/translators can also be helpful to overcome the miscommunication issues. There is need to appoint more doctors in government hospitals so that they may able to give ample time to each patient. More waiting areas should be allocated in hospitals which will make corridors less noisy. As a result, the doctors and the patients would be able to discuss issues in a better way. Local doctors are to be preferred for transfer at home stations.