Biosorption is an upcoming technique that refers the use of non-conventional lignocellulosic materials for the detoxification of metal contaminated waters. Various byproducts resulted from agricultural practices have been investigated for this purpose. The present study explores the use of dead biomass generated from Sorghum biocolor L. termed as “Sorghum biomass” in its native as well as in modified form for the remediation of metal contaminated waters. The modification of Sorghum biomass was successfully carried out using commercial urea and thiourea as modifying agents under microwave irradiation. Divalent lead, cadmium and copper and trivalent chromium were chosen for the biosorption studies due to their hindrance to biological degradation and toxicity to life and environment. Sorghum biomass in its native state (SB) and modified states [urea modified (USB) and thiourea modified (TSB)] was characterized chemically and physically. The physical characteristics were performed using various analytical techniques like CHNS, FTIR, SEM, BET surface area and Bulk density. The chemical characteristics were explored using Bohem’s titration procedure and points of zero charge (pHpzc The use of SB, USB and TSB for selected metal ions detoxification was explored in batch mode. The effect of various process parameters like biosorbent dosage, contact ) determination. There was a strong evidence of the presence of functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, amido etc. that were responsible for metal ions binding to biosorbents surface. The increment in surface functionality was observed in USB and TSB. Chemical characteristics confirmed the surface alteration in terms of functional groups as a result of modification of SB by urea and thiourea. time, pH of medium, temperature and initial metal ions concentration was studied and optimized. The optimum removal of metal ions by SB, USB and TSB was found at slightly acidic pH. The data obtained was analyzed using renowned equilibrium models in order to provide insight in to mechanism of the process. The Langmuir model showed a better fit to equilibrium data as compared to other models. The maximum biosorption capacities of SB, USB and TSB for the studied metal ions binding were calculated using Langmuir equation. The values obtained in case of TSB were highest showing the efficacy of it relative to SB and USB. USB also showed significantly higher biosorption capacity values than SB. Kinetic modeling of the equilibrium data showed that the studied biosorption process was governed by pseudo-second order mechanism and boundary layer diffusion was the rate determining step. Thermodynamic studies were also performed which showed that biosorption of studied metal ions by SB, USB and TSB was endothermic and spontaneous. Desorption studies of metal loaded SB, USB and TSB were also carried out in acidic as well as basic medium. Acidic medium was found as the best desorbing medium for metal ions / biomass recovery. The results of our experimental studies indicated that a batch process can be used in an economic and eco-friendly way for metal ions detoxification on industrial scale. Modification was carried out without any solvent making the process more feasible. Both Sorghum biomass and modifying agents, urea and thiourea, are easily available. Hence urea and thiourea modified Sorghum biomass appears to be a good choice for detoxification of metal ions from industrial effluents.
ذکر مالک رام اردو کے مشہور عالم و فاضل، نامور محقق و مصنف اور غالب و ابوالکلام کے عارف و شیدائی جناب مالک رام کی وفات پر پوری اردو دنیا سوگوار اور اشکبار ہے، ان سے راقم کے جو گہرے اور مخلصانہ تعلقات تھے اس کی بنا پر اس کے لیے بھی ان کی جدائی بہت شاق ہے۔ وہ پھالیہ ضلع گجرات میں جواب مغربی پنجاب (پاکستان) کا حصہ ہے، ۲۲؍ دسمبر ۱۹۰۶ء کو بویجہ کھتریوں کے ایک خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے ، ان کے والد لالہ نہال چند فوج کے محکمہ سپلائی میں ملازم تھے، لیکن مالک رام ابھی بارہ دن ہی کے تھے کہ والد کے سایہ شفقت سے محروم ہوگئے، والدہ نے پرورش و پرداخت کی، چار برس کی عمر سے تعلیمی سلسلہ شروع ہوا جو ایم۔ اے اور ایل ایل بی کرنے کے بعد ۱۹۳۳ء میں منقطع ہوا، اس سے قبل ۱۹۳۱ء میں ان کی شادی ہوگئی تھی۔ مضمون نگاری اور رسالوں کے مطالعہ کا چسکہ بچپن سے تھا، ابتدا میں شعر و شاعری سے بھی کچھ دلچسپی رہی، ان کا پہلا باقاعدہ مضمون نیرنگ خیال لاہور میں چھپا، یہ ٹیگور کی گیتا نجلی کے بعض ٹکڑوں کا ترجمہ تھا، اس کے بعد ۱۹۲۶ء کے نگار میں ’’ذوق اور غالب‘‘ کے عنوان سے ان کا مضمون شایع ہوا جس میں آگے چل کر ماہر غالبیات ہونے والے نے غالبؔ پر ذوقؔ کو ترجیح دی تھی، لوہر میں قیام کی بنا پر نیرنگ خیال کے مدیر حکیم محمد یوسف حسین سے مالک رام کے تعلقات ہوگئے تھے، ۱۹۳۰ء میں ان کی خواہش پر ساٹھ روپے ماہوار پر نیرنگ خیال کی مجلس ادارت میں شامل ہوگئے، پھر لاہور ہی سے شائع ہونے والے ’’آریہ گزٹ‘‘ سے متعلق ہوئے، اس سے علیحدگی کے بعد ۱۹۳۶ء میں روزنامہ ’’بھارت ماتا‘‘ سے منسلک ہوئے، یہ...
This article discusses the effectiveness of the new student admission socialization program on the decision of the prospective student to enroll in the State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Palu. The problem studied is How are the efforts of socialization of new student admissions applied at IAIN Palu? What is the most effective socialization attempt for student candidate's admission at IAIN Palu? This research uses survey research design combined with descriptive qualitative analysis model. Data collection using questionnaire method supported by interview and collecting a documentations. The results showed that the socialization efforts applied in IAIN Palu was by utilizing mass media and school visit. An effective efforts of socialization for introducing institutions to the public is unprogrammed in schedules, they used word to word (door to door) and publicity promotion. Nevertheless, regular programmed socialization models are held regularly every day before the admission of new students, usually used advertising and “personal selling” through visits to schools, is still quite effective. While the main consideration factor for enrolling in IAIN Palu is the availability of courses appropriate to their interests.
Goal of this research is to check the feasibility of blending Agile software development methods in offshore software development. We hope that this blend will result in a significant improvement in a software development cycle by benefiting from both worlds. There are many factors which contribute to the success / failure of offshore Agile project development, e.g. development strategy, project type, communication channel, cultural differences, distant locations and project size. This thesis focuses on the effect of development strategy and project types on the offshore software development. In this research, we also report on success rate and suitability of different types of software projects and development strategies using offshore Agile software development.
The survey indicates that coding and testing phases of software development are best suited for off shoring in any iteration of discipline-oriented sprint life cycle development. We havefound that maximum success rates for feature-oriented development strategy is obtained by developing general modules of a project at distributed location and critical modules at onshore. The study observed maximum success rate for web-based applications and websites among others offshore developed projects.