Soil salinity problems in arid and semiarid areas are very common due to low rainfall, high evapotranspiration and poor water management. Among different factors for low agricultural production in developing countries like Pakistan, the foremost problem is to get sufficient water of good quality at desire place at right time. In Pakistan canal irrigation water available at watercourse head is very low than crops irrigation water requirements. Underground water is used as additional source of water to fulfill crop irrigation needs, while most of our tube well water is not fit for irrigation purpose. The application of such poor quality water deteriorates soil properties and ultimately decreased crop yields and quality. The ultimate objective should be to maximize the supply of irrigation water for agricultural production and the use of poor quality water will increased the area under cultivations. The poor quality water can be used with soil amendments to enhance crop productions and to maintain soil health. An alternative approach is to develop and select salt tolerant cultivar that can be grown successfully under poor quality water irrigation. Keeping above facts in view hydroponics culture and lysimeters experiments were conducted; (1) to determine salt tolerance of some newly approved and candidate cultivars of maize and wheat on the basis of gas exchange, growth and ionic attributes under saline and saline sodic solution culture; (2) to study the influence of organic manure and gypsum amendment on macro and micro-nutrients uptake in wheat grain and maize fodder under water induced salt stress; (3) to study the relationship of plant gas exchange attributes with plant ionic composition, water use efficiency and mineral nutrients uptake; (4) to evaluate the effect of irrigation water varying in EC and SAR on soil salt load, plant leaf stomatal conductance, photosynthetic and transpiration rates. The results depicted that wheat cultivars, SARC-1, V-07096, V-05082, SARC-7 and Pasban-90 showed less reduction in plant photosynthetic rate, dry biomass production, K+: Na+ and C2+: Na+ ratio than V-05003, V- 07076 and V-07194. While in maize cultivars the highest reduction in plant photosynthetic rate, K+: Na+ and plant dry biomass were recorded in Sadaf, FH-963, FH-722 and FH-793 and the minimal in Sahiwal-2002 and Afgoi. Salt tolerant cultivars uptake less Na+ which depicted that Na+ ion exclusion is positively correlated with salt tolerance and plant biomass production. Subsequently, growth and yield response of selected salt tolerant and sensitive 2 cultivars of maize and wheat crops were evaluated in soil culture. Farmyard manure and gypsum were incorporated in soil to investigate their mitigating effects on soil and crops under saline and saline sodic water treatments. Irrigation with saline-sodic water to maize and wheat crops revealed that salt tolerant cultivar, Sahiwal-2002 and V-07096 maintained lower Na+ concentration in leaf sap and higher K+, Ca2+ and K+: Na+ ratio as compared to salt sensitive cultivars, Sadaf and V-05003. From the results it is concluded that farmyard manure and gypsum application partially offset the harmful effects of poor quality water, improved maize fodder and wheat grain yield, plant photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, membrane stability index, K+: Na+ and mineral nutrients uptake as compared to sole poor quality water application. Organic manure and gypsum addition in soil enhanced the volume of leachates and caused a considerable reduction in soil salt load, soil SAR and improved mineral nutrients uptake. Key words: Poor quality water, K+: Na+, PCA, photosynthetic rate, salt load
کچھ لوگ دیکھی ہوئی دنیا کو بھی ٹھیک سے دیکھ نہیں پاتے کہ وہ نگاہوں میں آتی تو ہے مگر پتلیوں سے نکل جاتی ہے۔ مگر کچھ لوگ ایسے بھی ہوتے ہیں کہ دنیا کو خود تو جی بھر کر دیکھتے ہی ہیں، اپنی دیکھی ہوئی اس دنیا کو دوسروں کی آنکھوں میں بھی منتقل کر دینا چاہتے ہیں۔ ان کی اس چاہ کے پیچھے منشا یہ ہوتا ہے کہ وہ دنیا کے رنگ و آہنگ کو ان دیدوں تک بھی پہنچا دیں جن کی نگاہیں پپوٹوں کے اندر بند رہتی ہیں اور پلکوں کی چلمنوں سے کبھی باہر نہیں نکل پاتیں۔ وہ چاہتے ہیں کہ ان کی طرح دوسرے بھی دیکھیں کہ دنیا کتنی حسین ہے۔ اس کی فضائوں میں کیسی رنگینی ہے۔ اس کی ہوائوں میں کس قدر سنگینی ہے۔ اس کی ادائوں میں کیسی دل نشینی ہے۔ وہ بھی یہ منظر دیکھیں کہ جب جہاز کے جھروکوں سے جھانکتے ہیں تو منظر کیسے بدل جاتے ہیں، کیا کیا کس روپ میں ڈھل جاتے ہیں، دیکھیں کہ لمبی چوڑی عمارتیں ماچس کی ڈبیا بن جاتی ہیں، چوڑی چوڑی سڑکیں یہاں تک کہ شاہراہیں بھی سکڑ کر پگڈنڈیوں کا روپ دھار لیتی ہیں۔ اونچے اونچے پیڑ گل بوٹے دکھائی دینے لگتے ہیں،پہاڑ ، دریا، گائوں، شہر سب سفید روئی کے گالوں میں چھپ جاتے ہیں۔ آسمان قریب آجاتا ہے۔ زمین دور ہو جاتی ہے۔ سجی سنہری پھول کی مانند کھلی کھلی سی رنگین تتلیاں ٹرالیوں میں پانی کی ننھی منی پیاری پیاری سی بوتلیں اور رنگ برنگی ٹافیاں لے کر چلتی ہیںتو مسافروں کی آنکھوں میں پیار اُمڈ آتا ہے اور بنا پیاس کے بھی ہونٹ پھڑپھڑااُٹھتے ہیں۔
Hazrat Abdul Rehman (may Allah be pleased with him) belonged to Arab tribe of Quraish and was a close relative of Mohammad (peace be upon him). At the time of conquest of Makkah He (may Allah be pleased with him) entered the circle of Islam. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the companions of Muhammad (may Allah be pleased with him) who came to sub-continent specially Balochistan in order to preach for Islam and Jihad during the Khilafat of orthodox caliphs. He (may Allah be pleased with him) came to Balochistan twice for Jihad and conquests first during the Khilafat of Hazrat Usman (may Allah be pleased with him) and second time in the early era of Hazrat Muawia (may Allah be pleased with him). He (may Allah be pleased with him) played a vital role in the wars of Balochistan. He (may Allah be pleased with him) established Zehri his abode and capital after conquering Kalat, Khuazdar (Sajistan), Kachi, Gandhava, and Chaghi, and from here he expanded the series of his conquests till Kabul and Qandar. Besides this, he included many areas of sub-continent in the Islamic empire of conquered areas. His (may Allah be pleased with him) life is consists of great chapters of sincerity in deeds. Wisdom and valor, determination fearlessness, strife, hospitality, simplicity and patience. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the great generals of Islam had the honour to have carried the message of Holy faith in every corner of Balochistan in tough and unfavorable conditions and planted the flag of Islam in Balochistan forever.
Twenty five natural dyes (D1-D25) were extracted through maceration from local plants species categorized as A= D1-D6, B= D7-D17, C= D18-D20, D= D21-D22, E= D23 and F= D24-D25 on the basis of their parts used for the application in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The photo-physical and electro-chemical behaviors of natural dye were evaluated through UV-visible spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry respectively. The UV-Visible absorption spectrum of the individual dye extracts D1-D25 revealed two distinct bands i.e. First band corresponds to π-π* transition while the second band corresponds to intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) band. Out of all the extracted natural dyes, S. oleracea (D23-E) dye resulted in best absorption at ICT band with λmax = 662 nm having absorbance A= 0.33. Cyclic voltammetry of the dyes D1-D25 was carried out which revealed the distinct oxidation and reduction peaks. The peaks can be seen more prominently among S. oleracea (D23-E), R. tinctorum (D21-D) and H. rosa-sinensis (D1-A) dyes while rest of the dyes exhibited less prominent peaks. The photovoltaic performances of the individual dyes D1-D25 (A-F) were evaluated by fabricating the sandwich-type DSSCs with the extracted natural dyes. TiO2 coated FTO glass slides were prepared for dye adsorption. The J-V profiles showed open circuit voltage values and short circuit current density. The most promising results of photovoltaic parameters were found for solar cell fabricated with D23-E dye with Jsc= 5.38 mA/cm2 and Voc= 0.47 V followed by D21-D (Jsc=4.14; Voc= 0.36 V) and D1-A (Jsc= 5.48; Voc= 0.36 V) respectively The best sunlight to energy conversion efficiency was obtained from D23-E (η= 1.4%) dye which has better UV absorption and oxidation properties. The respective dye gave high short circuit current density and hence high photon to current efficiency was achieved. Other dyes gave the efficiency in the following order D21-D (R. tinctorum) = 1.1% > D22-D (A. tinctoria)= 1.05% > D1-A (H. rosa sinensis)= 1.02% > D17-B (S. anacardium)= 0.92 > D2-A (B. oleracea var. capitata) & D11-B (P. granatum) = 0.9% > D6-A (R. macdub)= 0.8% > D19-C (B. vulgaris) = 0.7%. Other natural dyes also showed satisfactory results. These natural dyes can easily replace conventional harmful, persistent and expensive metallic and synthetic dyes. Natural dye can be regarded as a promising candidate for low cost DSSCs fabrication with no environmental damage.