Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Value Addition of Wheat and Maize Based Cookies With the Addition of Milk Thistle Silybum Marianum

Value Addition of Wheat and Maize Based Cookies With the Addition of Milk Thistle Silybum Marianum

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Kashif Akbar

Program

PhD

Institute

The University of Agriculture

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Agricultural Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10840/1/Kashif%20Akbar_Food%20Sci%20%26%20Tech_2019_AUP_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727655347

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


This study was conducted with the aim to produce wheat flour based cookies with supplementation of maize flour (MF) and milk thistle seed powder (MTSP). For this purpose the study was divided in to four phases. In first phase whole wheat flour (WWF), MF and their various blends were characterized for cookies preparation. During analysis protein, fat, fiber and ash content 13.10-10.93%, 5.96-4.70%, 2.15-1.01%, 1.65-1.03% decreased, while moisture content and nitrogen free extract (NFE) increased from 9.66 to 9.74% and 67.45 to 72.59%, respectively. The addition of MF to WWF in different ratios had significantly decreased calcium and magnesium contents from 45.80 to 26.59 mg/100 g and 169.20 to 82.51 mg/100 g. While increase was found in iron (9.90 to 80.80 mg/100 g), manganese (4.05 to 6.69 mg/100 g), copper (4.50 to 8.99 mg/100 g) and zinc (6.11 to 25.08mg/100 g). Functional properties i.e bulk density, swelling power and foaming capacity showed a slight decrease (0.66 to 0.57 g/cm3), (10.18 to 10.06%), (11.20 to 10.85%) respectively, while water and oil absorption capacities increased from 87.90 to 94.02% and 1.29 to 1.50%. Gluten content was decreased both on wet (28.10-0%) and dry (8-0%) basis. Image obtain through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that both WWF and MF had small and large particles with irregular shape and mostly tied in cluster form. In the second phase of the study cookies were prepared from WWF, MF and their various blends and were studied for selected physical, physico-chemical and sensory attributes. The diameter of the cookies decreased slowly with the addition of MF (47.7-44.3 mm), while thickness increased (12.61-13.8 mm), spread ratio decreased (3.80-3.20) and hardness of the cookies also decreased (2.123-1.246 kg). The overall mean score of cookies for color was 7.22 (WM2) to 6.88 (WM0), for taste 7.04 (WM2) to 6.04 (WM6) and for texture 7.08 (WM2) to 6.15 (WM6). The maximum overall acceptability was recorded in treatment WM2 (7.32), whereas the minimum overall acceptability was recorded in treatment WM6 (6.37). Increase was observed in moisture content (3.24 to 3.29%) and NFE (57.86 to 58.60%). While protein, fat, fiber and ash contents decreased from 8.20 to 7.68%, 24.23 to 23.94%, 6.47 to 6.38%, and 0.80 to 0.73% respectively. On overall quality basis cookies prepared from treatment WM2 gave the best result and was selected for further study. Best combination of WWF and MF i.e. 80:20 was selected from studied in which MTSP was added at the ratio of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%. The prepared flour samples were examined for physico-chemical analysis, minerals contents, gluten content (wet and dry basis) and SEM. Moisture content and NFE decreased from 9.66 to 9.45% and 68.65 to 65.45% respectively, Whereas protein, fat, fiber and ash increased from 12.40 to 14.47%, 5.83 to 6.44%, 1.98 to 2.32% and 1.55-1.87% respectively. The calcium, magnesium and copper increased from 39.09 to 48.07 mg/100 g, 145.20 to170.39 mg/100 g and 5.89 to 8.31 mg/100 g respectively after the addition of MTSP to wheat and maize composite flour. While iron, manganese and zinc decreased from 16.20 to 10.11 mg/100 g, 4.99 to 4.01 mg/100 g, 11.11 to 9.07 mg/100 g. Gluten contents decreased after the addition of MTSP on wet (24.50 to 15.02%) and dry (6.75 to 4.00%) basis.In final phase of the study cookies were prepared from blend of WWF:MF (80:20) and MT seeds powder (2, 4, 6, 8, 10%) and were studied for selected physical, physicochemical and sensory attributes. The diameter and spread ratio of the cookies decreased slowly from 46.50-44.8 mm and 3.55-3.23 in treatment WM2 to WMT12 thickness increased from 13.10-13.87 mm. The maximum hardness of the cookies was observed in treatment WM2 (2.120kg), while minimum hardness was observed in treatment WMT10 (1.229kg). The sensory evaluation score of the cookies for color was 6.91 (WMT12) to 7.27 (WMT10), for taste 7.04 (WM2) to 6.55(WMT12) and for texture 7.08 (WM2) to 6.58 (WMT12) respectively. The maximum overall acceptability was recorded in treatment WMT10 (7.24) followed by WMT9 (7.16), while the minimum overall acceptability was recorded in treatment WMT12 (6.87) followed by WM2 (7.11). Mean values of NFE decreased (57.93 to 56.98%), while moisture, ash, fat, protein and fiber increased from 3.26 to 3.31%, 0.76 to 0.84%, 24.18 to 24.48%, 8.19 to 8.65% and 6.44 to 6.58% respectively. Addition of 6% MTSP is recommended to produce cookies with 80:20 blend of WWF and MF
Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

میری آواز کو باغی کہہ سکتے ہو تو کہو

میری آواز اقبال کا شاہین
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پرلب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’اقبال کا شاہین ‘‘
جنابِ صدر!
علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے اپنے اشعار میں جو لفظ شاہین استعمال کیا ہے، اس سے مراد ان کی صرف ظاہری طور پر نظر آنے والا شاہین نہیں ہے، صرف ایک معروف پرندے کے طور پر ذکر کیا جانے والا شاہین نہیں آسمان کی بلندیوں پر محو پرواز طائرنہیں ہے۔
جناب صدر!
شاہین سے مراد وہ نوجوان نسل لیتے ہیں ، شاہین کی خصوصیات وہ نوجوان نسل میں پیدا کرنا چاہتے ہیں، نوجوان نسل کی اصلاح ہی ان کے لیے تعمیر وطن میں اہم کردار ادا کرسکتی ہے، وہ شاہیں کا ذکر کر کے انسانیت کو ان کا اصل مقام دلانے کی مساعی جمیلہ کرتے ہیں، وہ شاہین کی خصوصیات کے قائل ہیں ، وہ نو جوان نسل کو ارفع مقام پرمتمکن کرنے کے خواہشمند ہیں۔
نہیں تیرا نشیمن قصر سلطانی کے گنبد پر
تو شاہیں ہے بسیرا کر پہاڑوں کی چٹانوں میں
صدرِذی وقار!
اقبال کا حکیمانہ فلسفہ ’’شاہین کے روپ میں ہمیں یہ باور کراتا ہے کہ مسلمان کا مقصد حیات اس سرزمین پر خلافت الہی قائم کرنا ہے، دینِ اسلام کا بول بالا کرنا ہے، اپنے فکروعمل سے سنسار کوگلزار بنانا ہے، بلندی کردار اور پختگی اعمال سے اس جہاں کو امن و آشتی کا گہوارہ بنانا ہے۔ علم و حکمت کی روشن کرنوں سے دنیا پر چھائی گھٹاٹوپ تاریکیوں کو ختم کرنا ہے، اس لیے علامہ اقبالؒ نوجوان نسل سے یہ تمنا اور امید لگائے بیٹھے ہیں کہ وہ شاہین کی طرح اپنی بلند ہمتی، عمل پیہم، جہدِمسلسل، انتھک کوشش سے اپنے اوپر چھائی...

STANDAR PENILAIAN ASPEK PSIKOMOTORIK PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM

Psychomotor assessment is characterized by the presence of physical activity and performance skills by students. Unlike the students 'cognitive assessment, psychomotor assessment is based on the actualization and implementation of students' understanding of the various subject matter that has been obtained in the classroom. In some of the subject matter, psychomotor assessment determines the success of a lesson. This article is a literature research. This article aims to find students' psychomotor assessment format in Islamic Religious Education subject matter. The results of this study conclude that the assessment of the success of learners is not only determined from the cognitive aspects, but also from the affective and psychomotor aspects. Standard psychomotor assessment is made different from the cognitive assessment, that is by way of describing the test scores. Psychomotor assessment should be held by direct observation of learners, can not only practiced by written tests.  

Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures for Environmental Applications

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures have enormous application in various fields such as sensors, water splitting, super capacitors and, photovoltaic devices, etc. And they are extensively exploited for number of other energy and environmental applications now-a-days. As, the rapid urbanization and industrialization is polluting both water, air and existing developed technologies do not have adequate potential to overwhelm this environmental dilemma. Photocatalysis based on TiO2 nanostructures have procured significant attention in current era for the complete decomposition of hazardous compounds from water and purification of air due to low cost, thermal stability, chemical stability, huge surface area, non toxicity. This thesis is mainly focused on the use of doped nanostructure titanium dioxide as photocatalyst for environmental application specifically mineralization of dyes (alizarin red S, procion blue MXR, malachite green) and phenol, and photoreduction of carbon dioxide using un-doped and co- doped titanium dioxide nanostructures with anion i.e., sulfur (1 wt%) and transition metal ions (copper, cobalt, ruthenium, iron and chromium with varying the concentration from 1-5 wt %) having excellent chemical and photostability, good crystallite size, homogenous distribution, superior structural properties and excellent surface area and pore volume were synthesized by singe-step sol-gel reaction. The structural and morphological properties of prepared nanostructures were exploited by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (FESEM- EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Raman Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis (TGA/DSC), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface analysis, Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS) and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The synergetic effect of anion and metal ion doping on titanium dioxide tailored the morphological and bulk superficial properties of the samples. Doping induced structural changes, enhancement of the visible light absorption capability, surface area, stability and photocatalytic activity. However, 5% metal ion co-doped titanium dioxide nanostructures demonstrated efficient band gap, thermal stability, good particle size, higher surface area and remarkably higher photocatalytic activity for photodegradation of dyes and phenol and CO2 photoreduction as compared to un-doped, S-doped and co-doped TiO2 with lower amount of metal ion. The parameters that affect the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanostructure powders for degradation of pollutants, namely concentration of dyes, catalyst loading, pH, irradiation source, and recyclability were optimized. The CO2 reduction and recycling of CO2 into value added products such as methane, methanol, ethanol, etc. was carried out under both UV and visible range and hydrogen was obtained from water in- situ. TiO2 nanostructures were found to be feasible and attractive for CO2 environment management and waste water treatment due to rapidness, cost effectiveness, catalyst inert nature, photostability and competent reusability. Hence, the activity of titanium dioxide nanostructure in visible range suggested that solar energy can be an alternative cost effective light source to resolve the environmental problems in future and this single step process can useful for industries.