The effects of the Cu concentration in Al (2~15 wt. %) on the growth and morphology of the intermetallic layer, phase constituents, hardness, oxidation and adhesion properties of an aluminized steel have been examined. In addition, the effects of variation in aluminizing temperature (675~950 °C) and dipping time (1~10 minutes) on the growth of the intermetallic layer were investigated. The techniques employed during the investigation included optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis. The intermetallic layer formed during aluminizing in pure Al was thick and exhibited a finger-like morphology. While in the Al-Cu alloys, thickness of the intermetallic layer decreased gradually by increasing the Cu content from 2-11%. This decrease in thickness was attributed to the formation of tetragonal phases, Al2Cu and Al7Cu2Fe, on the surface of aluminized steel. The addition of the Cu content beyond 11% did not reduce thickness of the intermetallic layer further; however, the finger-like morphology of the intermetallic layer transformed into smoother one. The thickness of the intermetallic layer increased by increasing the aluminizing temperatures from 675-775 °C in the pure Al and the Al-Cu alloys, while above this range it was found constant. Likewise, it increased rapidly by increasing dipping time up to 4 minutes, after that with increasing time it increased very slowly. Conversely, the variations in aluminizing temperature and dipping time did not influence morphology of the intermetallic layer. The hardness of the coating achieved with the addition of the Cu content in Al was higher than pure Al and Al-Si alloys. However, the oxidation and adhesion properties of the steel aluminized in the Al-Cu alloys were comparable with that aluminized in pure Al and Al-Si alloys.
۷؍ نومبر ۱۹۱۸ء کو علی گڑھ کالج کے ایک نوجوان فرزند کا داغ مفارقت بھی ہمیں اٹھانا پڑا یعنی ڈاکٹر عبدالرحمن بجنوری نے بھوپال میں انتقال کیا، مرحوم نہایت علم دوست شخص تھے حال ہی میں جب ہم بھوپال گئے تھے ان سے ملاقات ہوئی تھی، اور انھوں نے شعرالہند کے متعلق ہمیں مفید مشورے دیئے تھے۔ (نومبر ۱۹۱۸ء)
It is an undoubted fact that terrorism has nothing to do with Islam. All teachings of the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) are contrary to any kind of extremism, radicalization and terrorism. Although the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) and his Companions faced injustice, persecution and terrorism directly by the disbelievers of Mecca and were forced to leave their homeland, yet, they always treated very peacefully and never demonstrated any kind of extremism. When the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) established the first state of Islam in Medina, it faced many atrocities and conspiracies by its enemies, but Muslims never chose the path of injustice and terrorism even against its worst enemies. Muslims always preferred peace treaties and covenants with everyone, so that people can live peacefully. The life of the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) is a practical model of moderation, integration and harmony. In this article, we will shed light on the religious view of international terrorism in the light of the Prophet’s biography. Starting with the detailed definition of terrorism, we will discuss this word from a political perspective also. Then we will move towards the international scenario and would point out that how some countries are committing the phenomenon of terrorism to achieve their goals. In the end, we will give some examples from the Prophet’s biography to address the phenomenon of terrorism, extremism, and to establish the atmosphere of tolerance and harmony. We will also discuss that how Islamic state faced international terrorism by Meccans and some tribes, and how Muslims countered it in a peaceful way. Then we will discuss that terrorism has nothing to do with Islam, nor with the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon him). Those who use the name of Islam to spread extremism and terrorism, have nothing to do with Islam. Islam does not allow anyone to commit any kind of terrorism. Some Qur’anic rulings will also be presented to highlight the promotion of virtue and the prevention of vice, and the political and democratic struggle against injustice and oppression
Current study deals with the production, purification and characterization of recombinant thermostable cellulase from Thermotoga naphthophila. PCR using the genomic DNA of T. naphthophila as template resulted in amplification of 1 kb cellulase gene. The amplified cellulase gene was cloned in pTZ57R/T and sub-cloned in pET28a. The expression of recombinant cellulase was analyzed using BL21 CodonPlus (DE3) cells as expression host. The expression studies resulted in the production of recombinant enzyme as soluble protein. The recombinant protein was purified by affinity column chromatography. The characterization studies of purified protein demonstrated the optimal enzyme activity at 90 °C and pH 4.8. The presence of cobalt enhanced the cellulase activity and 2.5 mM cobalt was recorded the optimal concentration for the maximal cellulase activity. SDSPAGE analysis confirmed the molecular weight of recombinant protein as 39 kDa. The protein was found thermostable which retained more than 70% residual activity with an incubation of 1.67 h at 90 °C in the presence of cobalt. Presence of ionic and non-ionic detergents showed an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. Kinetic studies of recombinant protein demonstrated the km and Vmax values of 0.22 mg/mL and 2500 µmoles/min respectively using carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate. The deinking potential of recombinant cellulase to remove ink from the paper makes this enzyme a suitable candidate for its use in paper Industry. We are reporting a new member of M42 Family of aminopeptidases. The stability of this recombinant cellulase at wide range of temperature, pH, its high level activity and its paper deinking potential makes it a suitable candidate for its use in paper industry.