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Home > Vegetation Analysis, Grassland Productivity and Carrying Capacity of Deosai National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan

Vegetation Analysis, Grassland Productivity and Carrying Capacity of Deosai National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Hussain, Zakir

Program

PhD

Institute

Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University

City

Rawalpindi

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2352/1/2940S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727659898

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Deosai Plateau is one of the most important alpine ecosystems in Pakistan. It was declared as Deosai National Park in 1993 to protect its unique ecology with Himalayan Brown Bear as the flagship species. The alpine flora and ecological characters of Deosai Plateau, important environmental variables responsible for species distribution, life forms, chorology and vegetation structure, analysis on pasture conditions and trends, biomass productivity and carrying capacity were studied. Possible influences of grazing on alpine grasslands were also investigated. Key issues of pasture use have been incorporated in the study with a variety of recommendations. Vegetation sampling was carried out through line transect and quadrat method, covering major habitats and elevation ranges for measurement of species composition and their relationship with environmental variables. Hierarchical cluster analysis technique of Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) was used for vegetation classification in the first order. Relationship of alpine plant communities with environmental factors were studied through Ordination method of Deterrended Correspondence Analysis. One hundred and seventy five species, representing 111 genera and 37 families were found. Compositae and Ranunculaceae were the dominant families. Hemicryptophyte (71.4 %) and chamaephyte (14.9 %) were the dominant life forms of Deosai Plateau, suggesting the extreme weather conditions similar to arctic tundra. The flora was predominantly West Himalayan (31 %) and Himalayan (13 %), followed by Central Asian and Circumpolar elements (11 %). Six communities were differentiated on the basis of indicator species and justified in the ordination plots. Species diversity and richness were recorded highest in Carex-Agropyron-Koberesia community. The greatest dissimilarity was found between Artemisia-Polygonum-Thallictrum community and Agropyron- Festuca-Nepeta community with 95% dissimilarity. Each plant community showed a marked dissimilarity from others with more than 55% dissimilarity index. Senwai block showed highest diversity with a diversity index of 3.7 and species richness of 58 with low evenness score. Grassland vegetation data showed a total variance xv("inertia") of 8.58. Ordination axis; DCA1 and DCA2 accounted for a total of 12.27 % of the variance, with DCA1 explaining a high proportion (6.72%). Altitude and soil moisture had significant correlation with ordination axes. Elevation (ele), topographic wetness index (twi), cos-transformed aspect (aspv), soil brightness index (sbi) and slope were found significantly related with species turnover. Vegetation cover was higher on northern slopes at lower elevations in areas of relatively good soil moisture. The variables gvi, sbi, and twi had strong positive correlation, while savi, elevation and aspv had strong negative correlation with DCA1. The soil moisture factor along axis1 seems to be the decisive factor in vegetation distribution. gvi and slope variables showed strong negative relationship with DCA2. Assessment of pasture conditions through hyper-temporal vegetation indices of NDVI image series showed an overall 8-10 % retrogression of vegetation in productive grasslands. Regressive trend at minor intensity was observed throughout the productive grasslands of DNP with the exception of HBB core zone. The average biomass production in DNP was found 1243 kg/ha suggesting that DNP is currently having low biomass productivity. The average carrying capacity was found as 1.37 ha/A.U/3 months. Heavy influx of nomads with severe grazing problems, free grazing by peripheral communities mainly concentrated in north eastern parts with established permanent animal corals, extraction and unwise exploitation of fuelwood and medicinal plants although illegal under the law, unmanaged tourism, absence of incentives to buffer-zone communities and habitat fragmentation were identified as major issues of the park. Future studies on these issues, especially with relation to ecological health of the park and initiation of modern agri-silvi-pastoral initiatives in peripheral valleys, adapting pragmatic strategies to minimize and restrict nomadic grazing and implementation of a viable management plan with sufficient financial resources for the park authorities are strongly recommended.
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مولوی محمد امین زبیری

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Factors Associated With Male Youth Involvement in Violence in the Punjab, Pakistan

Youth violence and crimes in developing countries have been increased in general but in Pakistan and particularly in the Punjab, it is noticed more increasing more rapidly. The more recent increase in crime rates in developing countries has awakened a widespread concern about personal safety and property insecurity. Statistically every year, more than a million people lose their lives in violence and crimes. Violence is resultant from a variety of situations in young people’s lives as well as the experiences of childhood that can lead towards the serious consequences when they reach to adolescence which is called a stage of rapid development, uncertainty, experimentation and adventure. The increase of violence and particularly, the increasing involvement of youth in social and economic violence irrespective of them being victims or perpetrators have become a naked reality and a burden upon human, social, ethical and economic spheres (Moser, 2002). According to Pakistan’s population census of 1998, there were 34.3 million young people (male and female) between the ages of 15 to 29 years. According to the projections made by US Census Bureau, population of Pakistan in 2010 estimated to be 177,276,594 and the youth falling between the age of 15-29 years (53,265,671) contributes to 30.1% of the total projected population. Whereas the total number of male youth population (15-29) in 2010 was 267,800,000 that made 15.12% of the total population. A cross sectional survey was conducted, in three central jails (Faisalabad, Mianwali, Multan) selected randomly from the total 9 central jails in the Punjab. A sample of 400 convicted prisoners from the total of 1400 convicted prisoners 15-29 years {using the table for estimating sample size constructed by the Krejcie and Morgan (1970)} was selected randomly using the lists of prisoners arranged by the DIG Prisons. A sample of 250 family members/relatives/others was also selected conveniently at the time of their visit to the jail to assess the problems faced by them after the incident. A well designed questionnaire consisting of questions of both types open and close ended prepared in the light of the research objectives. Pre-testing of the questionnaire was also made to check the workability of the questionnaire and avoid the sensitive issues. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation was used to generalize the data. Bivariate analysis such as Chi-square and Gamma tests were also used. Multivariate analysis such as correlation and regression were also applied for model building in order to assess male youth involvement in violence in the Punjab-Pakistan. The results indicate that 49.5% respondents belonged to the adolescent age cohort (15-19 years), 32.5% belonged to youth age cohort 20-24 and 18% belonged to young adult age cohort (25-29 years) with a mean age of 23.84. The research findings revealed that (29.75%) respondents were illiterate, and the remaining 70% found literate. From literate respondents (16.25%) got education up to primary level, 26.25% from sixth class to middle, 27.75% from 9 th class to above with a mean education of 5.73 years. According to the findings of the study 73.2% respondents belonged to rural areas and the remaining 26.8% belonged to urban areas. About fifty percent (49.5%) families were consisting of 7 or more than 7 members, 40.75% families 5-6 and the remaining 9.75% having 3-4 family members with a mean family size 9.51 members. About 15% respondents were student at the time of arrest, 7.5% had noting, 10.75% doing farming with their parents , 18.5% busy in business , 4.25% doing Govt. Job, 5.75% busy in private job and 38.25% were laborer at the time of their arrest. 23.5% respondents used drugs, and from them 45.46% respondents committed sex/rap after using drugs, 31.82% quarreling with people and 15.91% goes for robbery after taking drugs. The research findings revealed that 50.8% respondents committed first crime when they were 16-20 years old, and the majority (76.75%) of respondents committed murder at their first crime. About 44.8% respondents committed crime alone and 27, 25.8 and 2.5% respondents committed crime in the company of their friends, relatives and friends and other persons, respectively. There are several reasons/causes of committing crimes by youth. The main cause of committing crime was taking revenge 22.25%, followed by poverty 17.25% and peer pressure 10.25%. The other causes reported by the respondents were money conflict 9%, motivation of the media 8.25%, accidental/misunderstanding 7.5%, drug addiction 6.75%, sexual lust 6.25%, family disruption 6% and self pleasure/fun 3.75%. A substantial percentage 49.8% of the respondents was convicted more than 31 years, followed by 36.5% of the respondents who were given death sentence for their crimes, the next category of the respondents reported 21-30 years conviction for their crimes and their percentage was 37.3. The percentages of the respondents were 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 1.0 who reported up to 4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years and 15-20 years for conviction of crimes. The multivariate result shows that the index variable age has the highest negative value which is -0.221 highly significant at 1% level of significance indicating that the index variable age is the most important predictive variable in effecting the violent behavior of youth. The other significant variables are education having beta coefficient -0.102, father education -0.099, family size 0.097, father income - 0.138, self control -0.066, self esteem -0.121, family practices -0.195, community factors -0.128, educational attainment -0.153, gang/group membership 0.153 are significantly associated with violent xivbehavior of youth in effecting the male youth involvement in violence. The highest value of Pearson’s correlation coefficient all of variables age, education, education of the respondents father, education of the respondents mother, family size, economically active involvement, father income, self control, self esteem, Life satisfaction, family management, family practices, parents monitoring, community factors, educational factors and gang/group membership indicating that these variables are highly correlated with violent behavior of youth. The most important recommendation of the research is to educate the parents to promote positive climate at their homes and they should encouraged values such as respect, trust and cooperation. Also parents should monitor their children, where they are, who their friends are, when they are coming in and out.