Vitamin D performs a vital role in normal and malignant cells proliferation and differentiation. Sufficient vitamin D status is crucial and beneficial for good health. It reduces the risk for bone disease, pain, autoimmune diseases, cancer, heart disease, mortality, and cognitive function. Epidemiologic and biological facts and figures suggest that vitamin D levels may influence breast cancer development. In body vitamin D activities are arbitrated through vitamin D receptor (VDR) and VDR gene polymorphisms are linked with the risk and progression of breast cancer. The present study is an endeavor to analyze vitamin D deficiency and its receptor gene polymorphism in 300 healthy and 300 women with breast cancer and also to determine the association between VDR genotype with breast cancer risk. In this study vitamin D deficiency was assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA).and serum calcium levels were estimated in both patients and control groups. VDR gene polymorphism was carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequence analysis was also performed. Results concluded vitamin D deficiency in women with breast cancer whereas insufficiency in asymptomatic women. Low serum vitamin D and high calcium concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) associated with increased tumor size in patients. FokI genotypic frequency in healthy and breast cancer women was FF=55, Ff=3, ff=42, FF=46, Ff=10, and ff=44% whereas TaqI genotypic frequency was TT=15, Tt=65, tt=20, TT=20, Tt=53, and tt=27% respectively. Allelic frequency in healthy women was F=56, f =44, T=47.5, and t=52.5%, whereas in patients it was F=50.67, f=49.33, T=46.67, t=53.33%. In current study FokI and TaqI frequencies of controls and patients were compared with different populations by Chi2 test and a significant genotypic distribution difference of VDR gene (FokI, TaqI) polymorphism in Pakistani individuals was found. Vitamin D low levels were significantly associated (p<0.001) with both FokI and TaqI SNPs in present population. FokI and TaqI SNPs were significantly associated (P<0.001) with different age groups, tumor grade and ER/PR status of women with breast cancer. This study determined that vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in patients than controls and vitamin D deficient women had 38.50 folds greater risk of breast cancer than vitamin D insufficient women. In current study premenopausal women with ff genotype had 2.416 folds increase risk of breast cancer as compared to premenopausal women with Ff genotype. The study concluded overall low vitamin D concentrations in Pakistani women and vitamin D deficiency may be a potential contributor of breast cancer in our population. VDR FokI SNP was found to be associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women whereas TaqI SNP has no significant association with breast cancer risk in Pakistani women.
مولانا سید عطاء اﷲ شاہ بخاری ابھی مولوی عبدالحق کودنیا سے سدھارے پوراایک ہفتہ بھی نہیں ہواتھا کہ مولانا سیدعطاء اﷲ شاہ بخاری کے ملتان میں وفات پاجانے کی خبرملی۔اناﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔شاہ جی نجیب الطرفین یعنی والد اوروالدہ دونوں کی طرف سے سید تھے۔حضرت شاہ عبدالقادر جیلانی،سید محمد شاہ بخاری اورسید عبدالغفار بخاری جو اکابر اولیاء وصوفیاء میں سے تھے اسی خاندان کے مورثان اعلیٰ میں سے ہیں۔ شاہ جی کے خاندان میں جو بزرگ سب سے پہلے ہندوستان آئے وہ سید اکمل الدین بخاری تھے جنھوں نے حضرت شاہ غلام علی دہلوی سے سند خلافت حاصل کرکے مہاراجہ رنجیت سنگھ کے عہد حکومت میں پنجاب کے ضلع گجرات میں مستقل بودوباش اختیارکرلی تھی۔ مرحوم کی والدہ سیدہ فاطمہ اوراُن کے دادا میر سید عبدالسبحان کشمیر سے منتقل ہوکر عظیم آبادپٹنہ میں آبسے تھے، ان کی بیٹی حضرت خواجہ باقی باﷲ کی نواسی تھیں۔ اس طرح خواجہ شاہ جی کے ننھیالی بزرگوں میں شامل ہیں۔شاہ جی کی والدہ کے انتقال کے بعداُن کے والد سید ضیاء الدین نے بیٹے کو نانا نانی کے پاس چھوڑا اورگجرات لوٹ آئے جہاں عقد ثانی کرلیا۔اس طرح شاہ جی کی ابتدائی تعلیم وتربیت پٹنہ میں ہوئی جودلی اورلکھنؤ کے بعد اردو زبان اورشعروشاعری کاتیسرا مرکز تھا اوراُسی کااثرتھا کہ شاہ جی نسلاً پنجابی ہونے کے باوجود اردوزبان ٹکسالی بولتے اور اُس کے محاورات وضرب الامثال پربڑی قدرت رکھتے تھے۔ مرحوم کسی مدرسہ کے باقاعدہ فارغ التحصیل نہیں تھے۔انھوں نے عربی فارسی کی ابتدائی کتابیں نانا سے پڑھیں۔نانی سے اردوبول چال کی زبان سیکھی۔ شادعظیم آبادی کے اس خاندان سے ذاتی مراسم تھے۔اس تقریب سے شاہ جی کو بھی شادعظیم آبادی کی صحبتوں میں بیٹھنے اوراُن سے فائدہ اٹھانے کا موقع ملا۔ ذہانت و فطانت خداداد تھی نتیجہ یہ ہواکہ کم عمری میں ہی پختہ ہوگئے،دماغ چمک اٹھا اور زبان منجھ گئی...
There are rulings for both Muslims and non-Muslims in Islām whereby Muslims are bound to act and deal with the nonMuslims according to those teachings. There are numerous books authored in classical and modern times that include all such details of dealing with the different categories and of nonMuslims. It is therefore incumbent on Muslims to follow all such jurisprudential guidelines in all times and places. Although the application and employment methods of these legislations may vary in modern times but Islām has clearly stipulated its objectives and expectations that every Muslim pledges to fulfill in all times. In this paper, in stead of mentioning the jurisprudential details and discussions regarding building temples and religious places on non-Muslims in Muslim lands, only those verses of the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth are mentioned that are basis for all such jurisprudential discussions. Numerous Qur’ānic verses and Prophetic traditions along with the consensus of companions and scholars are compiled in this paper to clarify the rightful stance in this regard.
The present study aims at examining the privatization of banking sector in Pakistan, its impact on efficiency, economy, employment and new products and services as well as on legal environment. For this purpose economic model was used to judge efficiency of banking sector for pre-and- post period of privatization. The model shows that banking sector in Pakistan after privatization of few banks improved its efficiency. Liquidity ratios of the banks have improved. Numbers and values of deposits have increased. Profitability of the banks increased. Value of non-performing loans is controlled. However, spread rate is still higher as compared to pre-privatization period. New products and services have been created to facilitate the customers. Impact on economy, in the sense of mobilization of savings, increase in loan advances and credit, as well as investment have shown an upward trend. Quality of assets of all banks has improved. The study shows that the numbers of employees have decreased in banking sector but this decrease is not alarming. The salary and remuneration to management / employees show increase; meaning better return to services of employees. For a new vision of the banking sector and to prevent financial mishaps in future, the State Bank of Pakistan and Government of Pakistan are required to develop a new regulatory system for privatized banks.