N. Levine [33] introduced the concepts of semi-open sets and semi-continuous mappings in topological spaces. Thereafter many researchers contributed to this area: Andrijevic [7] studied semi-preopen sets in 1986. D.E. Cameron and G. Woods [12] studied the notions of s-continuous and s-open mappings. Cao, Ganester and Reilly studied the links between generalized closed sets and ex- termal disconnectedness [13]. Dontchev and Ganster [16] studied -generalized closed sets. Semi continuous and semi-closed mappings were further studied by Ghosh [21] in 1990. L. A. Zadeh [59] introduced the seminal notion of fuzzy sets in 1965. C. L. Chang [14] de...ned and studied the notion of a fuzzy topological space in 1968. Since then much attention has been paid to generalize the basic concepts of Classical Topology in fuzzy setting and thus a modern theory of Fuzzy Topology has been developed. Azad [9] fuzzi...ed the work of Levine, and presented some general properties of fuzzy spaces. Several properties of semi- open fuzzy (resp. semi-closed fuzzy ), fuzzy regular open (resp. closed) sets have also been discussed by Azad. Abbas [4] studied fuzzy super irresolute mappings, Ajmal and Azad [5, 6] gave pointwise characterization of fuzzy almost continuity. Caldas, Navalagi and Saraf [10, 11] gave a study of fuzzy weakly semi-open mappings. Jankovic [23] introduced the notion of -regular spaces. In 2002 Georgiou and Papadopoulos [20] studied fuzzy -convergences. Ming and Ming [36] de...ned the notion of fuzzy boundary in fuzzy topo- logical spaces in 1980, yet there is very little work available on this notion, in present literature. Tang [54] used a limited version of Chang’ fuzzy topolog- s ical space because su¢ cient material about properties of fuzzy boundary is currently not available. So, we study this concept and establish several of its properties in Chapter 2. We also de...ne the concept of semi fuzzy -boundary and characterized semi-continuous fuzzy functions in terms of semi fuzzy - boundary. Several properties of fuzzy boundary and semi fuzzy -boundary have been obtained, which have been supported by examples. Properties of semi fuzzy -interior, semi fuzzy -closure, fuzzy boundary and semi fuzzy - boundary have been obtained in product related spaces. We give necessary conditions for continuous fuzzy (resp. semi-continuous fuzzy, irresolute fuzzy) functions. Moreover, continuous fuzzy (resp. semi-continuous fuzzy, irresolute fuzzy) functions have been characterized via derived fuzzy(resp. semi-derived fuzzy) sets. The results of this chapter have been published in Advances in Fuzzy Systems Vol. 2008, Article ID 586893, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2008/586893 (MR# 2425456). In Chapter 3, we studied semi-continuous fuzzy, semi-open fuzzy and al- most open fuzzy (Ganguly’ sense) mappings. We also de...ne and study prop- s erties of almost closed fuzzy mappings. In Chapter 4, we continue the study initiated in Chapter 3 and several properties and characterizations of semi- open fuzzy (semi-closed fuzzy), semi-preopen fuzzy (semi-preclosed fuzzy), semi-precontinuous fuzzy and pre-semi-preopen fuzzy (pre-semi-preclosed fuzzy) mappings have been investigated. Findings of Chapters 3 and 4 have been pub- lished in Journal of Fuzzy Mathematics, 16(2)(2008), 341-349 (Zbl# 1146.54302) and vol. 18(1), respectively. In Capter 5, we further study some properties of semi-open fuzzy sets de- ...ned and studied by Zhong [62], semi-preopen fuzzy sets and preopen fuzzy sets. It is also shown that in the class of injective functions, almost open fuzzy (closed) in Nanda’ sense and almost quasi-compact fuzzy functions are equiv- s alent. In terms of graph and projections, some interesting characterizations and properties of almost continuous fuzzy functions in Singal’ sense are given. s Moreover almost continuous fuzzy in Husain’ sense, almost weakly continu- s ous fuzzy,nearly almost open (closed) fuzzy functions have been de...ned and their several characterizations and properties have been obtained. Finally, their equivalences have been established under certain conditions. Results from this chapter have appeared in International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences 3(34) (2008) 1665-1677 (MR# 2511023). In 2001, Kresteska [29] pointed out that Lemmas 4.5, 4.7 and Theorems 4.6, 4.8, 4.12 of [52] are incorrect. Since -continuity does not yield to a straightforward fuzzi...cation of the results from Classical Topology, thus this notion seems promising for Fuzzy Topology. Motivated by such consideration, Chapter 6 studies further, the properties of -continuous mappings in terms of -closure of fuzzy sets. Findings of this chapter have been submitted to Korean Annals of Mathematics. In Chapter 7, our aim is to further contribute to the study of semi-open fuzzy sets by establishing several important fundamental identities and in- equalities about their semi-interior and semiclosure. D. E. Cameron and G. Woods [12] introduced the concepts of s-continuous mappings and s-open map- pings. They investigated the properties of these mappings and their relation- ships to properties of semi-open sets. M. Khan and B. Ahmad [25] further worked on the characterizations and properties of s-continuous, s-open and s-closed mappings. In this section, we fuzzify the ...ndings of [12] and [25]. We de...ne s-open and s-closed fuzzy mappings and establish some interesting char- acterizations of these mappings. It may be noted that the class of s-open (resp. s-closed) fuzzy mappings is a subclass of the class of open (resp. closed) fuzzy mappings. These results have been published by Advances in Fuzzy Systems Volume 2009 (2009), Article ID 303042, 5 pages doi:10.1155/2009/303042. Chapter 8 comprises a study of simply continuous fuzzy mappings. In Chapter 9, we de...ne and study the notion of -semicontinuous fuzzy map- pings. Results of this capter have been submitted for publication.
حکیم صدیق احمد امروہوی ثم بریلوی مئی کے اسی ہفتہ میں ایک اورحادثہ یہ پیش آیا کہ ہمارے نہایت عزیز اور مخلص دوست اوراپنے فن کے ماہرحکیم صدیق احمد صاحب امروہوی ثم بریلوی نے وفات پائی۔عمرغالباًپچھتر چھہتر برس ہوگی۔اصل وطن امروہہ ضلع مرادآباد تھا، مگر ایک عرصۂ دراز سے بریلی میں مقیم تھے۔ ان کے والد ماجد مولانا حکیم مختار احمد صاحب ایک نہایت حاذق طبیب ہونے کے علاوہ پختہ استعداد کے عالم باعمل، متقی اور عابد و زاہد بزر گ تھے۔ حکیم صدیق احمد کی بھی علوم وفنون میں استعداد بڑی پختہ تھی، شروع میں منطق اورفلسفہ کا بڑاغلبہ رہا۔نہایت ذہین اور طباع تھے۔اس لیے کوئی موضوع بحث ہو تقریر مدلل اورمنطقیانہ کرتے تھے۔ حضرت شاہ عبدالقادر صاحب رائے پوری سے بیعت ہونے کے علاوہ اعمال و وظائف کا ورد کثرت سے کرنے لگے تھے۔فن طب میں نظری اورعملی مہارت و حذاقت انھیں ورثہ میں ملی تھی، طبیعت بے حد رساتھی۔تشخیص اورتجویز دونوں میں ان کی شہرت دور دور تک تھی۔ سینکڑوں بڑے معرکے کے علاج کئے لیکن وہ جتنے بڑے طبیب تھے، اسی قدر مزاج سخت لاابالی اورروپیہ پیسہ کے لالچ سے کوسوں دورتھے۔ غریبوں اور ضرورت مندوں کی امداد اپنی جیب سے کرتے تھے اورعلما کی خدمت کرکے خوش ہوتے تھے، غرض کہ بڑی خوبیوں اورکمالات کے انسان تھے۔اُن کے پاس مخطوطات کاایک خاصہ ذخیرہ تھا جس میں حضرت مولانا محمد قاسم صاحب نانوتوی اوربعض دوسرے بزرگوں کے مکاتیب اور ان کی تحریریں شامل ہیں۔لیکن راقم الحروف کے سخت اصرار کے باوجود انھوں نے ان چیزوں کو نہ خود چھاپا اورنہ کسی اورکو انھیں نقل کرنے کی اجازت دی۔پھر معلوم نہیں ان کا کیا حشر ہوا۔ اخلاق وعادات کے اعتبار سے نہایت خلیق،خوش طبع و خوش مزاج اور متواضع و مہمان نواز تھے۔رحمہ اﷲ رحمۃً واسعۃً۔ [جون۱۹۷۸ء]
Tafseer-e-Sanai is a briefexagies of Holy Quran which was written by Montana Sana Ullah Amratsari (D: 1 948) . It has eight short volumes but has been separated in two compilations the first one hasfour volumes (1-4) <£ the second one (5-8) has also four volumes. First edition was published in 1313. Hijri & had been completed in 1349 Hijri i. e in 1931. This work was completed in 36 years. First volume ofthis tafseer was published in the life time ofSir Syed Ahmed Khan, but also it was sent to him. That's why in its early volumes, there were so many answers in response to Sir Syed's thoughts. It is worth mentioning that Moulana Amratsari has responded in a good manner to Sir Syed. Moulana was affiliated with the sect of Ahle-Hadees but after attaining the education from different institutions several ofsects like, Darul Uloom Deoband Madarsa-e-Kanpur, (i. e Deobandi & Brailvi) , Moulana had been freedfrom any single sect. He is known as a scholar of Islam, this tafseer is a witness of it. The Style & method of writing Tafseer is very unique that is why its style was adopted by a known scholar, Moulana Ashraf Ali thanvi and Moulana Abdul Qadeer Siddiqi's translation was also inspired by it. The Quranic letters ( are mentioned with meanings in it and 28 translations of are also determined in different places in the beginning ofSurah.
In this thesis, the spline solutions to some fractional order boundary value problems have been proposed using different spline collocation techniques. The Caputo’s definition for fractional order derivatives is used, as it allows imposing the boundary constraint(s) in terms of integer order derivative(s). An efficient technique based on non-polynomial quintic spline functions, comprised of a trigonometric part and polynomial part, has been developed for solving fourth order fractional boundary value problems involving product terms. The C¥ differentiability of the trigonometric part of non-polynomial spline compensates for the loss of smoothness inherent in polynomial spline. The second and fourth order convergence of the presented algorithm has been discussed in detail. Moreover, the approximate solutions of three very important time fractional models, advection-diffusion equation, Allen-Cahn equation and diffusion-wave equation, have been studied by means of redefined and modified forms of cubic B-spline functions. The Caputo time-fractional derivatives have been discretized by finite difference formulations whereas B-spline functions are used for spatial discretization. The unconditional stability and theoretical convergence of proposed numerical algorithms have been proved rigorously. Some test examples have been considered for numerical experiments. The computational results are in line with theoretical expectations and exhibit a superior agreement with the analytical exact solutions as compared to the existing techniques.