Rice is an important crop of Pakistan. Weed infestation and traditional rice growing methods are resulting in low rice yield. System of rice intensification (SRI) has emerged as an alternative and resource efficient rice production method. Field experiments were conducted, for two consecutive years (2010 and 2011), to assess the outcome of different weed management practices and to determine critical weed competition period in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under the system of rice intensification. Experimental site was Agronomic research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. First experiment comprised the application of different weed control practices in SRI i.e. three times manual hoeing, three times hoeing with rotary hoe, one manual hoeing followed by foliar application of crop-water extracts, one hoeing with rotary hoe followed by crop-water extracts, post emergence application of orthosulfamuron @ 145 g a.i. ha-1, weed free and a control. Seedlings of 21 days age were transplanted in this experiment. Manual hoeing 20, 40 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) with 5.34 and 4.99 t ha-1 kernel yield during 2010 and 2011, respectively, was recorded the best weed management method in SRI. Second experiment comprised plant spacing of 20, 25 and 30 cm and competition periods of 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after transplanting along with control and weed free treatments. In this experiment 21 days old seedlings were transplanted. The third experiment consisted of transplanting seedlings of 14, 21 and 28 days and competition periods of 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after sowing along with control and weed free treatments. The weed competition periods were randomized in sub-plots while plant spacing and seedling age were randomized in main plots in second and third experiment, respectively. All the experiments were replicated thrice. Super basmati variety was used. Nursery was raised on a soil enriched with farm yard manure and the seeds, after sowing, were covered with straw to preserve moisture and prevent the germinating seeds from heat injury and predators. One seedling per hill was transplanted in a muddy soil, and irrigation was provided in intermittent intervals as per requirements of SRI. Data pertaining to various parameters related to rice crop and weed species was recorded using the standard procedures and was analyzed using Fisher’s analysis of variance technique. Least significant difference (LSD) test at 0.05 probability was used to compare the significant treatments’ means. From the first experiment, manual hoeing 20, 40 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) with 5.34 and 4.99 t ha-1 kernel yield during 2010 and 2011, respectively, was recorded the best weed management method in SRI. Second experiment showed that the combination of 25 × 25 cm spacing and competition for 20 DAT with kernel yield 5.4 and 5.3 t ha-1 during 2010 and 2011, respectively, was the most economical treatment combination. Moreover, experiment three ended with the finding that the combination of 21 days old seedlings and competition for 20 DAT was the most economical treatment combination in terms of kernel yield of rice i.e. 4.9 and 4.7 t ha-1 during 2010 and 2011, respectively. In short, Pakistani farmers can confidently adopt SRI to maximize their rice yield and to minimize their inputs. Minimal dependence of SRI upon synthetic chemicals can ensure environmental safety on sustainable basis.
میں اک اور اقبال کے انتظار میں ہوں نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز سامعین ا ور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو!آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کرنی ہے وہ ہے:’’میں اک اور اقبال کے انتظار میں ہوں‘‘ مت سہل ہمیں جانو پھرتا ہے فلک برسوں تب خاک کے پردے سے انسان نکلتے ہیں جنابِ صدر! اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ جیسی نابغہ ٔروزگار اور عظیم المرتبت شخصیت صدیوں بعد پیدا ہوتی ہے۔ ان کے افکار و خیالات، نظریات اور عمل کے اثرات صدیوں تک منارۂ نور کی طرح جھلملاتے رہتے ہیں۔ خالق کائنات نے اقبال کوایسی قوت ادراک اور بصیرت عطا فرمائی تھی کہ جو کائنات کے سربستہ رازوں کو دیکھنے کی صلاحیت رکھتی تھی۔ وہ ایک مسلمان کی طرح سوچنے اور مومن کی طرح محسوس کرتے تھے۔ وہ دیدہ ور اور دانائے راز تھے۔ آپ نے حکیم الامت بن کر ملت اسلامیہ کے مرض کہن کی نشاندہی کی۔ قرآنی فکر اور فلسفہ سے اسے دور ہٹانے کی کوشش کی ، اقبال کی فکر اور وجدان کا مآخذ اور مرکز عقیدہ توحید اور رسالت ہے۔ یہ وہ بنیاد ہے جس نے روئے زمین کے تمام مسلمانوں کو یکجا کر دیا ہے۔ ٹپک اے شمع آنسو بن کے پروانے کی آنکھوں سے سراپا درد ہوں حسرت بھری ہے داستاں میری معزز سامعین! اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ سمجھتے تھے کہ مسلمان تارک قران ہو کر خوار ہوئے ہیں۔ اس لیے آپ مسلمانوں کی حالت زار پر بہت رنجیدہ تھے۔ ذات پات، رنگ، نسل، ملک وقوم کی تقسیم نے مسلمانوں سے ان کا جو حقیقی مشن چھین لیا ہے۔ فکروعمل کی دوری سے مسلمان کمزور ہوتے چلے گئے۔ اپنے مقصد حیات سے دور ہٹنے کی وجہ سے غیروں کی محکومی انکا مقدر بن...
This study addresses the issue of interpersonal communication patterns in establishing a harmonious family. Communication is emphasized in the holy Qur'an as a crucial aspect of human life, particularly for Muslims. Poor communication is one of the factors that can lead to marital disharmony or discomfort within the family. Therefore, effective communication is essential for a healthy family life. To achieve a harmonious and content family, it is essential to understand the patterns of interpersonal communication within the family. This will lead to a peaceful and comfortable environment for all members. The authors aim to discuss effective communication techniques, both in general and within a religious context, to establish a happy family. The research focuses on examining theories related to positive communication patterns within the family. The methodology employed for this research is library research. A balanced communication pattern is essential for forming a harmonious family. Additionally, precise subject-specific vocabulary should be used when it conveys the meaning more precisely than a similar non-technical term. This involves open communication where each member has an equal opportunity to express their opinions about family life. It is important to avoid any biased or emotional language and to use clear, objective, and value-neutral language. The text is grammatically correct and follows conventional academic structure and formatting. No changes in content have been made.
a-amylase is an industrially important enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch to
yield products like glucose and maltose. Optimization of a-amylase production by isolate
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S8TS
was done using technique of solid state fermentation
(SSF). Different types of agro-industrial substrates (wheat straw, rice husk, wheat
porridge, wheat bran) were used for the production of a-amylase but wheat bran gave
highest a-amylase activity (3.50 ?0.088 U/mg) when moisten with 10 ml diluent (D-3) at
pH 7.0, temperature 37oC with 10% vegetative inoculum after 72 h of incubation.