Agriculture of Pothwar region is mainly rainfed and the small farmers of this area do not get sustainable income from the farmland due to inconsistent and erratic rainfall. Thereore, a two-year field study was carried out at University Research Farm of Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi located at Mandra-Chakwal Road in district Rawalpindi of Pakistan, to investigate the effect of different tillage practices and sowing years on weed seed bank dynamics and above ground weed flora in rainfed wheat. This study was also aimed at to find out the most efficient tillage practice that conserves the soil moisture for longer period and is economically acceptable to the farming community of Pothwar Region. At the same time it was expected that this investigation would help us to meet the challenges of rainfed wheat of Pothwar Region. Moreover, the information collected based upon this study especially weed flora and soil weed seed bank could be utilized for planning better weed management strategies in rainfed crops in future. Different tillage combinations were included on: T1 = Conventional Tillage (1MB Plowing + 8 Cultivations), T2 = No-till + *Glyphosate, T3 = 1MB Plowing + *Glyphosate, T4 = 1MB Plowing + 4 Cultivations, T5 = Disc Harrowing + *Glyphosate, T6 = Disc Harrowing + 4 Cultivations, T7 = Chiseling + *Glyphosate. Soil samples were collected before sowing to define the soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The effects of treatments were recorded on weed population density, weed population frequency, weed ground coverage, weed dry biomass, weed relative density, weed relative frequency, weed relative ground coverage, weed relative dry weight, weed relative abundance, summed dominance ratio and 29 importance value index of weeds. The data on yield and yield components of wheat viz. number of fertile tillers (m-2) at maturity, spike length (cm), number of spikelet spike-1, number of kernels spike-1,1000-kernel weight, aerial biological yield (t ha-1) and grain yield (t ha-1) were collected at harvest. Soil samples were collected and analysed accordingly to record data for soil parameters like soil moisture content, soil bulk density, soil porosity, organic matter, soil available nitrogen, soil available phosphorus and soil extractable potassium to evaluate the soil properties at pre and post experimentation. Data were analyzed by using MSTAT-C software on computer and treatment means were compared with least significance difference test (LSD) at 5% level of probability. The input and output data was collected for economic evaluation (partial budget, dominance analysis and marginal rate of return analysis) to identify the most affordable tillage combination. Results illustrated that the weed seed density was found maximum (29476) in zero tillage system. The study also revealed that there were small differences of weed seed density under different tillage systems, but the minimum number of seeds was found in reduced tillage systems i. e. T1 (21419) and T4 (22513). The vertical distribution of weed seeds indicated that the highest number of weed seeds (54.99 %) was observed at upper soil layer 0-10 cm, while the least (16.33 %) in lower soil layer 21-30 cm as compared to middle layer 11-20 cm having (28.54 %) seeds. Overall the higher seed density (28032) was observed at post-harvesting of wheat as compared to pre-sowing of wheat (21828) in all the tillage systems during both years of experimentation which could be the result of poor weed control during crop growth and development period. Chenopodium album, Asphodelus tenuifolius and Fumaria indica were considered as the dominant weed 30 community followed by Euphorbia helioscopia, Convolvulus arvensis and Melilotus indica in the overall soil weed seed bank. The weed flora population density, frequency, dry weight and ground coverage were found maximum under T6, T7, T5 and T4 treatments; whereas, these parameters were minimum under T1 which reflects the system’s controlling effect on weed flora and thus resulted in the higher yield. Soil properties were improved in reduced tillage systems i. e. T4 and T6 (conservation tillage systems), but the crop germination and establishment was best under conventional tillage and T3 (according to cluster analysis). The reason of low seedling emergence under conservation tillage systems was probably due to inadequate availability of soil moisture and nutrients well in time. The highest yield (3.5132), (3.1242) t ha-1 and net benefit (888.92), (839.35) $ ha-1 were obtained in case of conventional tillage (T1) followed by reduced tillage (T4) according to partial budget analysis. So, on the base of above mentioned facts further experimentation is recommended on integrated weed management under conservation tillage systems for controlling soil weed seed bank and above ground weed flora for obtaining higher yields, but conventional tillage is still recommended for obtaining higher net benefit. The management of weed flora through integrated weed management under conservation systems may decrease the weed crop competition and improve the moisture and nutrients availability to crop that may increase the crop yield.
پرانے وقتاں دی گل اے کہ کسے پنڈ وچ قادر کریم ناں دا اک بندہ رہندا سی۔ اوہ بہت بھولا تے تیز وی سی۔ اک دن اوس دی گھر والی نے آٹا پیسن لئی چکی دا پڑلیاون آکھیا تے نال ای نصیحت کیتی کہ اپنے نال کسے نوں نال نہ لے کے جاویں گھروں اوہ خرید داری نکلا تاں رستے وچ اوس نوں اپنا پرچھانواں نظریں آیا۔ اوس نے سوچیا کہ کوئی بندہ میرے نال آ رہیا اے۔ اوس نوں یاد آیا کہ اوس دی گھر والی نے آکھیا سی کہ کسے نوں نال لے کے نہیں جانا۔ اوس نے اوس بندے نوں آکھیا کہ میرا پچھا چھڈ دے۔ اوس نے پچھا چھڈاون لئی اوس نوں دس روپے وی دتے پر اوہ فیر وی اوس دے نال ای رہیا۔ اوس پُڑ خریدیا تے گھر ول سفر شروع کر دتا۔ اوس نے ویکھیا کہ اوہ بندہ اوس دے نال ای اے۔ اوس نے پچھا چھڈاون لئی اپنے کپڑے وی اتار کے دتے تے پڑوی دتا۔ تے منت کیتی کہ اوس دا پچھا چھڈ دے۔ گھر آ کے اوس ساری گل بات اپنی گھر والی نال کیتی۔ اوس آکھیا کہ ایہہ تیرا پرچھانواں اے۔ ایس تیرے نال ای رہنا ایں۔ ہن توں جا رستے وچ جتھے پیسے، کپڑے تے پُڑ رکھ کے آیاں ایں، اوہ چک لیا۔ اوہ ایہہ چیزاں لین لئی گھروں نکلدا اے۔
شہر جاندے ہوئے اوس نوں اک آدمی ملیا جس نے شہر جانا سی، پر اوس نوں شہر دا رستہ معلوم نہ سی۔ اوس بندے نے قادر کریم کول شہر دا رستہ پچھیا تے دونواں شہر ول ٹر پئے۔ رستے وچ رات ہوون پاروں اوہ آرام کرن لئی اک درخت تھلے سوں گئے۔ رات ستے پئے اوہناں نوں چوراں نے آن گھیریا۔ چوراں نے قادر...
Lexical investigation of words/selected passages of Quran is among many ways of exegesis of Quran. Such work is compiled on the basis of an extensive analysis of the text of the Quran and consideration of lexical examination of Quranic words. Specialized works on aspects of Quranic vocabulary has been in the tradition of Islamic scholarship right from the beginning and there are a number of works that help in the etymological & philological understanding of difficult words of Quran. The classic text by al-Raghib al-Isfahani named, Mufradat, is the best example of books that treat difficult words in the Quran. In this article, we have presented information regarding the works of scholars of Indian sub-Continent on the subject of Mufradat al-Quran (Selected passages of Quran). We have found that South Asian Scholars have written books abundantly in the field of Mufradaat and Luhgaat al Qur’an, in Arabic, English, Persian, Sindhi & Urdu languages. This study covers in detail an overview of the acclaimed works of subcontinent scholars which mainly split into precise and concise written books on the topic of Mufradat al Qur’an. Forty-eight books have been introduced in below pages. Our work is 1st step towards complete indexing of such works of Sub-continent scholars for easy access of scholars and researchers who want to do some research in this area.
A Business Process (BP) is a set of logically related activities performed to achieve a well-defined business outcome. The activities in a BP have control-flow and data-flow dependencies which are defined in the workflow model of the BP. In the service-oriented environment, these activities are performed by invoking Web services. Typically, BP development involves working with high-level process specifications, and manually elaborating these specifications into an implementation level workflow design. After this, each activity in the BP workflow is binded to the appropriate Web service operations for executable BP code generation. This is a very elaborate process requiring substantial manual effort and investment in the IT infrastructure, personnel and resources. This is specifically challenging for small and medium enterprises which often do not have adequate resources for coding, administration, and hosting of their BPs. Cloud infrastructure and serviceoriented middleware can be leveraged for rapid and cost effective development of BPs for such organizations. Our objective in this dissertation is to develop an integrated framework for collaborative BP development in a services cloud environment. The proposed framework enables an organization to compose, deploy, and execute their BPs using the Web services and resources available in the cloud. For collaborative BP development, the proposed framework makes use of the knowledge of existing BPs in a given domain to learn common execution patterns of different types of BPs and uses the learned patterns for composing a given type of BP for an organization based on its requirements. The proposed framework aims to assist organizations by enabling automated composition of BPs. Given the requirements and constraints of the user organization and the available Web services, the proposed framework helps the user organization to develop an implementation level BP workflow, which includes the required set of activities, the control-flow and data-flow between these activities, as well as mapping of the activities to appropriate Web services. This implementation level workflow can be translated directly into an executable BP for deployment and execution. The underlying approach for collaborative BP development is designed for structured BPs as well as knowledge-driven BPs. Structured BPs have a well-defined workflow which is predictable and stable over time. In contrast, knowledge-driven BPs are knowledge and data centric and their workflow structure and execution may evolve dynamically based on the changes in the environmental context, user requirements and composition goals. To support evolution of a knowledgedriven BP, the proposed framework also supports on-the-fly process composition to extend the BP workflow in a situation and context aware manner.