Premise of the research-Selenium (Se) has become an element of interest to many biologists because of its physiological and toxicological importance. The identification of effective Se dose and application method is crucial for better understanding of Se role in crop plants under drought stress. The present study, therefore, was planned to evaluate the response of water-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to exogenous Se supply. The study was carried out at the Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan and Stress Physiology Laboratory, Salinity and Environmental Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad-Pakistan. Methodology-A series of laboratory, wire / greenhouse, lysimeter and field experiments were conducted for this study. In laboratory experiments, fifteen local wheat genotypes were screened out for their response to PEG-6000 induced water stress of -0.5 MPa at germination and seedling stage. Wire / greenhouse experiments were conducted using one drought tolerant (Kohistan-97) and one sensitive (Pasban-90) genotype, selected from laboratory experiments, to determine appropriate rates for three methods viz. seed priming (75 μM), fertigation (7.35 μM) and foliar spray (7.06 μM) of Se helpful in improving drought tolerance in wheat plants subjected to water stress at seedling stage. The optimum rates determined in screen house experiments of each method of Se application were tested for appropriate method and application time (vegetative or reproductive growth stage) in lysimeter and field experiments. Pivotal results-Drought stress significantly reduced growth, water relations, gas exchange and yield attributes of both wheat genotypes. However, exogenous Se supply was observed to be helpful in improving the drought tolerance potential and yield through maintenance of turgor, increased accumulation of osmolytes and enhancement in enzymatic activity of water- stressed wheat plants. The supplemental Se supply significantly improved Se and potassium (K) concentration in shoot and grain, whereas phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca) contents in shoot were reduced by Se supply. The grain Mg and Fe concentration increased while grain P concentration reduced by exogenous Se supply. Non-significant effect of Se supply was recorded on grain Zn concentration. Conclusion- The cultivation of drought tolerant wheat genotypes is essential to obtain economical crop yield under water stress conditions as wheat genotype Kohistan-97 (drought tolerant) was more successful in the maintenance of physiological, biochemical and yield attributes than Pasban-90 (drought sensitive). Selenium application through fertigation @ 7.35 μM and foliar spray @ 7.06 μM at tillering stage was found effective under both normal and water deficit conditions.
مولانا پروفیسر محمد اشرف خاں سلیمانی مرحوم دارالمصنفین میں یہ خبر بھی نہایت رنج و افسوس کے ساتھ سُنی گئی کہ حضرت مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی کے عاشق صادق اور ان کے مرید و خلیفہ مولانا محمد اشرف خاں ستمبر کے مہینہ میں اس دارفانی سے رخصت ہوگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ پشاور یونیورسٹی میں شعبۂ عربی کے صدر، ایک عربی مدرسہ کے ناظم، خطیب اور مصلح و مرشد اور حضرت سید صاحب کے خاص فدائی تھے، سید صاحب کے جلوہ ہائے حسن جاناں کو انہوں نے کچھ اس طرح جذب کرلیا تھا کہ انہیں کو سب پکار اٹھیں گزر جائیں جدھر ہوکر۔ اسی لیے اپنے نام کے ساتھ نسبت سلیمانی لکھنے کا التزام کیا اور اپنی قیام گاہ کو سلیمان اکاڈمی کا نام دیکر خود کو علوم و معارف سلیمانی کا فیض عام کرنے کے لیے وقف کردیا، اس کا ثبوت ان کی کتاب ’’سلوک سلیمانی یا شاہراہ معرفت‘‘ ہے، یہ پہلے ۵۶۔۵۵ء میں معارف میں مضمون کی صورت میں چھپی جس کی داد اہل نظر نے دی تو اسی کو مزید تفصیل و اضافہ کے بعد کتابی شکل میں شایع کیا جس کے بارے میں مولانا دریا بادی نے لکھا کہ ’’کتاب صحیح نمونہ ماقل و دل ہے․․․․․․ سلوکِ سلیمانی بلکہ سلوک اشرفی کا ایک جامع دستور العمل․․․․․․ لطیف، سلیس، شگفتہ اور اندازہ بیان دلچسپ و پُرمزہ‘‘ ان کے اس البیلے اور شگفتہ طرز کی داد مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی نے یہ لکھ کردی کہ ’’مولانا اشرف خاں صاحب کا فطری جوہر کہیے یا سید صاحب کی ارادت و صحبت کا فیض کہ تحریر کی شگفتگی اور شیرینی کہیں ساتھ نہیں چھوڑتی یہ دراصل علامہ شبلی کی وہ میراث ہے جس سے نہ مولانا عبدالباری ندوی اپنی کامل اشرفیت و تقشف کے باوجود آزاد ہوسکے اور نہ سید صاحب اپنی کامل فنائیت اور...
Navigation accuracy, which is an imperative performance indicator for mobile robots, is intimately associated with the grid mapping algorithm (G-mapping) accuracy. In an unstructured environment, mobile robot positioning accuracy is important to ensure safety. For this reason, in this study G-mapping Algorithm is modelled based on Rao-Blackwellized particle filter (RBPF) offering better results with a low number of sensors and features. To investigate various methods' effectiveness, a comparative analysis of three optimization methods namely Gradient descent, ANT colony, and firefly algorithm was made. The results exhibit that the firefly method performs well in terms of navigation accuracy, particle degradation, and ensuring mobile robot safety in a complex and unstructured environment.
The objective of this study was to explore the impact of types of employee participation (i.e. financial participation, direct participation and representative participation) on forms of organizational commitment (i.e. Affective commitment, continuous commitment and normative commitment). This research study is based on the universal perspective showing a comprehensive review of theoretical and empirical literature with references to employee financial participation, employee direct participation, Representative participation, affective commitment, normative commitment and continuous commitment. Literature related to employee participation, and organizational commitment has been critically reviewed. This exploratory study utilized a questionnaire distributed to a wide sample of employees of both American and Pakistani commercial banks. All middle level employees of commercial banks listed in Karachi stock exchange and New York stock exchange were included in the population. The estimated sample of the study is 250 employees from Pakistan and 250 employees from USA. Total number of banks selected for the study was 50 from both countries. The survey instrument was developed using a combination of existing scales across the four key themes of the thesis: Financial participation (Erik Poutsma, 2001), direct participation (Lammers, Meurs, Mijs, 1987), representative participation (Lammers, Meurs, Mijs, 1987), and organizational commitment (Meyer and Allen, 1991). Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample. Total response rate of the study was 67.4%. Keeping in view theories and evidences that are provided in the current literature hypotheses were developed. This research study is based on four research questions. To answer these research questions statistical methods like descriptive statistics, scatter diagrams, Pearson correlation,multiple regression analysis and interaction forms were used. This study indicated that in Pakistani settings types of employee participation has a significant and positive relationship with forms of organizational commitment while in American settings financial participation, direct participation and representative participation has strong and positive relationship with forms of commitment but weak relationship as compared to Pakistan.