Rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) has been the major production practice in NWFP, Pakistan. Late sowing of wheat in a conventional way after late harvest of rice reduce wheat yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various tillage techniques on wheat productivity in combination with herbicides, N fertilizer levels and seed rates under RWCS. Three field experiments were carried out on wheat at Agronomic Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, Pakistan in 2007-08 and 2008-09. In experiment I, five herbicides (2,4-D ester @ 1.25 L ha-1, Puma supper 75 EW @ 1.25 L ha-1, 2,4-D + Puma supper 75 EW @ 1.25 L ha-1 each, Affinity 50 WDG @ 2 kg ha-1, and control) and three tillage techniques [zero (ZT), reduced (RT) and conventional tillage (CT)] were studied. In experiment II, five nitrogen levels (0, 80, 120, 160, and 200 kg N per ha) and three tillage techniques (as in experiment I) while in experiment III, four seed rates (70, 100, 130, and 160 kg per ha) and three tillage techniques (as in experiment I) were evaluated in RCB design with split plot arrangement replicated 4 times. Tillage was allotted to main plots in all the 3 experiments while herbicides, N levels and seed rates were applied to subplots in experiment I, II & III, respectively. Herbicides and tillage alone or in combination significantly influenced weeds density per m2, fresh and dry weed biomass (FWB & DWB), leaf area per tiller, leaf area index (LAI), plant height, spike length, tillers per m2, spikes per m2, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield (kg per ha), grain yield (kg per ha), harvest index % (H.I), net benefit and benefit cost ratio (BCR). Higher leaf area per tiller- (141 cm2), LAI (3.4), plant height (88.2 cm), spike length (11.5 cm), tillers per m2 (237.7), spikes per m2 (228.1), grains per spike (72.4), 1000 grains weight (46.2 g), biological yield ( 15492 kg per ha), grain yield (6906.9 kg per ha), H.I (44.6%), net benefit (Rs.124824 per ha) and BCR (6.3:1) were recorded from Affinity. Maximum weeds density per m2 (75.5), FWB (845.3 g per m2) and DWB (220.4 g per m2) were recorded in control. The highest net benefit (Rs.98069 per ha) and BCR (5.5:1) were obtained from ZT, while maximum tillers per m2 (222.2), spikes per m2 (212.8), biological yield (13617 kg ha-1) and grain yield (5583.8 kg ha-1) were obtained from RT. Maximum H.I (43.3%), weeds density per m2 (48.3), FWB (536.6 g per m2) and DWB (136.5 g per m2) were observed in CT. In experiment II, N and tillage alone or in combination had significant effect on leaf area per tiller, LAI, plant height, tillers per m2, spikes per m2, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield (kg per ha), grain yield (kg per ha), H.I, net benefit, BCR, N agronomic efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE) and N recovery efficiency (RE). Maximum leaf area per tiller (132.9 cm2), LAI (4.0), plant height (90.8 cm), spike length (10.6 cm), tillers per m2 (305), spikes per m2 (294.8), grains per spike (63.8), 1000-grain weight (42.4 g), biological yield (20777 kg per ha), grain yield (6844.6 kg per ha), net benefit (Rs.121163 per ha) and BCR (5.7:1) were recorded from 200 kg N per ha, while maximum AE (27.1 kg per kg) and RE (56.8 %) were recorded from 160 kg N per ha. Maximum PE (49.7 kg kg-1) was recorded from 120 kg N per ha, while maximum H.I (37.3 %) was recorded from 0 kg N ha-1. Maximum leaf area per tiller (111.8 cm2), LAI (3.0), spike length (9.8 cm), tillers per m2 and spikes per m2 (255.4) were recorded from ZT, while plant height, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield, H.I, net benefit, BCR, nitrogen AE, PE and RE (%) were not significantly influenced by tillage. Relative grain yield (95 %) was recorded at 180, 160 and 150 kg N per ha for ZT, RT and CT, respectively. In experiment III, seed rates and tillage alone or in combination had significant effect on leaf area per tiller, LAI, spike length, tillers per m2, spikes per m2, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield (kg per ha), grain yield (kg per ha), H.I, net benefit and BCR. Maximum leaf area per tiller (110.9 cm2), spike length (10.1cm), grains spike-1 (57.2), 1000-grain weight (44.5 g) and H.I (38.4 %) were recorded at 70 kg per ha seed rate, while maximum LAI (2.5), tillers per m2 and spikes per m2 were recorded at highest seed rate of 160 kg per ha. Maximum biological yield (13463 kg per ha), grain yield (4844.9 kg per ha), net benefit (Rs. 81454 per ha) and BCR (4.4) were recorded at 130 kg ha-1 seed rate. Maximum LAI (2.4), tillers per m2 (237.8), spikes per m2 (232.5), biological yield (12723 kg per ha), grain yield (4654.6 kg per ha) and net benefit (Rs.78190 per ha) were obtained from RT, while maximum BCR (4.4) was recorded from ZT. CT and ZT produced similar spike length (9.6 cm). Tillage showed non significant effect on leaf area per tiller, plant height, grains per spike, 1000-grains weight and H.I. Relative grain yield (95%) for ZT, RT and CT was obtained at 95, 89 and 117 kg per ha, respectively. It is concluded that affinity was the most effective against broad leaf and grasses in combination with ZT and resulted in highest net return. ZT was more economical at higher N compared to RT or CT. ZT at 130 kg per ha seed rate resulted in the highest BCR and net return. ZT and RT performed better than CT.
پرانے زمانے دی گل اے کہ اک گھر وچ بلی رہندی سی۔ اوس دے تن بچے وی سن۔ بلی انتہائی بدمزاج تے لڑاکی سی۔ چھوٹی چھوٹی گل تے لڑنا اوس دی عادت سی۔ جس پاروں اوس نوں کوئی وی پسند نئیں سی کردا تے نا ای دوستی۔ جے کر اوہدے کولوں کوئی چیز منگن آندا تاں بلی اوس دی بے عزتی کردیندی۔ انتہائی کنجوس بلی ہر ویلے اپنے کول اک تھیلا رکھدی سی۔ اوس تھیلے وچ اوہنے اپنے بچیاں لئی کھان دا سامان رکھیا ہوندا۔ جے کر کوئی اوس کول کھان لئی کوئی شے منگدا تاں بلی اوس نوں نئیں سی دیندی۔ تھیلے وچ کیہ کجھ اے ایس بارے صرف بلی ای جاندی سی کہ ایس نے تھیلے وچ کوئی قیمتی شے لکائی ہوئی اے۔ ایس لئی اوس محلے دے سارے جانور خاص طور تے چوہے ایس ٹوہ وچ رہندے کہ ویکھیا جاوے کہ تھیلے وچ بلی نے کیہ کجھ لکویا اے ایس بارے صرف بلی ای جاندی سی۔ باقی دے جانوراں نوں ایہو پتہ سی کہ بلی نے ایس تھیلے وچ کوئی قیمتی شے لکائی ہوئی اے۔ پر بلی تھیلا ویکھن دا کوئی وی موقع کسے نوں نہ دتا۔
اک دن محلے دے سارے چوہے اکٹھے ہوئے تے پروگرام بنایا کہ بلی نوں اپنے بچیاں نال بہت پیار اے۔ جدوں رات نوں بلی سوں جاوے گی تاں اسیں اوس دے بچیاں دے کپڑے پاء کے آرام نال تھیلے دی تلاشی لے لواں گے۔ ایس دران جے بلی دی اکھ کھل وی گئی تاں اوہ اپنے بچے سمجھ کے ساہنوں کجھ وی نئیں آکھے گی۔
پروگرام دے مطابق جدوں ادھی رات نوں بلی تے اوہدے بچے گہری نیند سوں گئے تاں کجھ چوہے بلی دے کمرے وچ داخل ہوئے پہلاں اوہناں بلی دے...
تواریخ ادبیات اُردو کا فروغِ ادب میں کردار History is political, cultural or literary, is a social and social study. History writers have a great significance. If they are not unbelievable or not aware, then there are many misconceptions in the future. Therefore, history writers should always be obscurely, self-confident and powerful. The history and research capabilities of the writer in history are estimated. If a historian is not a researcher, then he is unable to present the truth. Similarly, a history trader does not have critical ability, he can try to review the facts. The historian not only parses events, but also offers a unique map of culture and culture. History of literature is especially described by culture and culture. History of the History of Urdu, it is known that historian literature is an important role in the promotion of Urdu. If the dates are removed, the understanding of literary literature will be impossible, that is why historians also play an important role promoting literature.
Stock market performance is generally considered to be the reflector of financial and economic conditions of a country. There are number of macroeconomic and industry related factors that potentially can affect the stock returns of the companies. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the stock returns variation to specific macroeconomic and industry variables by applying multi-factor model. The model consists of macroeconomic and industry variables including market return, consumer price index, risk free rate of return, exchange rate, money supply and industrial production. The study attempts to determine which, if any, of the macroeconomic and industry variables are of use in explaining the variability of stock returns of Pakistani Industries. The firms relating to 09 different sectors are selected for this study on the basis of data availability, profitability and performance on the Karachi Stock Exchange 100 index. These sectors are Banking, Cement, Fertilizer, Automobile, Ghee, Pharmaceutical, Petroleum, Tobacco and Textile. The stock prices data for the selected firms and economic variables obtained for the maximum period of 10 years. Descriptive statistics performed for the temporal properties of the data and Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test applied to find out the data stationarity. GARCH model used to analyze the risk and returns relationship. The tests applied on the stock returns of each firm of the industry and on the data set of the entire industry as well to generalize the results. An attempt was therefore made to ascertain whether a multi index model was better than a single index model in explaining the variation in stock returns of Pakistani Industries. The results reveal that market return is mainly responsible for the stock returns variation, however the inclusion of other macroeconomic and industry related variables has added additional explanatory power in - xii` describing the stock returns variation. It is evident from results that stock returns volatility depicts time varying characteristics across the industries and there is some statistical relationship between risk and return. It is found that industry stock returns are more responsive to changes in economic conditions than firm level stock returns. Results also indicate that stock returns of different industries behave differently in similar economic conditions that acquaint investors about the risk diversification opportunity in the stock market. The contribution of economic variables towards stock returns can help researchers/practitioners/investors to understand the risk return relationship and pricing of economic risk and for the legislators to undertake certain measures for the improvement of economic conditions and hence stability and growth of the stock market and economy.