Accurate and near real time wheat yield forecasting is important for policy makers and agricultural markets of Pakistan. Efficient and less labour intensive techniques of yield forecasting are required to support stakeholders. Wheat productivity depends upon irrigation water, fertilizer availability and rainfall in Pakistan. The per capita per annum water availability in Pakistan has reduced to less than 1000 m3 and is expected to reach severe scarcity level during next decade. Irrigating crops without measuring water and proper management practices is not a viable option anymore. The current study was conducted to address both above mentioned issues at Post-Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture Faisalabad for two years during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Reducing the amount of irrigation volume was expected to affect nitrogen availability. Therefore, response of varying levels of nitrogen was also studied for reduced volume of water per irrigation. There were four irrigation levels (control with 300 mm water for whole growing season, 80% of control, 60% of control and 40% of control) and four nitrogen levels (60,120,180 and 240 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement. Irrigation treatments were randomized in main plots while nitrogen was kept as sub-plot factor and each treatment was replicated thrice. A model for forecasting wheat yield before time of harvest was developed and volume of water per irrigation was also optimized based on field experiment data. The results revealed that reducing irrigation volume from control to 80% did not reduce crop yield significantly. The response of nitrogen for 80% of control irrigation volume was same as for control treatment. Maximum wheat grain yield (4916 kg ha-1) was obtained with control irrigation and 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4743 kg ha-1) and it was at par with 80% of control irrigation with 120 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4461 kg ha-1) and 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen (4743 kg ha-1). To optimize both factors, DSSAT-CERES-Wheat was calibrated and evaluated. CERES-wheat model predicted the optimum level as 250 mm volume of water with 160 kg ha-1 nitrogen for whole growing season of wheat. The response of grain yield to nitrogen for different irrigation levels was quadratic. Quadratic equations predicted 240 to 242 mm water and 185 to 187 kg ha-1 nitrogen as optimum for whole growing season of wheat. The same experimental data was used for developing yield forecasting model of wheat before the time of harvest from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Three satellites (QuickBird, Pleiades and GeoEye-1) and handheld Green Seeker were used to calculate NDVI. Random Forest was used to for modeling using grain yield as dependent variable while weather elements, irrigation, nitrogen and NDVI as independent variables. DSSAT-CERES-Wheat, calibrated on experimental data of 2012-13 was also used to forecast yield for 2013-14. The mean error percentage of grain yield prediction was less than 10% and 17.1% for remote sensing and CERES-Wheat, respectively. Random forest was further used to forecast yield of different districts of Punjab and Punjab province using MODIS NDVI and weather elements as independent variables in eight different ways. RMSE of the forecast results of the whole Punjab Province was 147.7 kg ha-1 and 148.7 kg ha-1 with mean error less than 5% using average and generic random forests, respectively. Forecasts of individual districts showed R2 of 0.95 with RMSE of 175.6 kg ha-1 and mean error of 5.86%. It is concluded from the study that reducing irrigation volume by 20% has no significant effect on grain yield of wheat and was helpful to save water. Near real time wheat yield forecasting using satellite imagery and crop models would be helpful for policy makers and stakeholders. Remote sensing using NDVI with random forest methodology and DSSAT-CERES-Wheat were good tools to predict wheat yield and both could be used in Pakistan.
Work-family conflict is a conflict between societal expectations and the interaction of interrelated work and family domains. It is essential to understand the impact of COVID-19 on working women's physical and mental health in Pakistan to advise better health policy. This research aims to determine work-family conflict’s impact on working women’s physical and mental health. Through non-probability sampling, 100 working women were sampled online across different cities of Pakistan. The participants were selected from different working fields. Only women above the age of 20 years were eligible for participation in this study. The study found that work-family conflict positively correlates with the fear of COVID19, blood pressure, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Psychologists, counselors, and general physicians for primary and preventive care in Pakistan need to work towards counselling and supporting the health needs of working women to prevent biopsychosocial problems related to work-family conflict and fear of COVID-19. Keywords: anxiety, blood pressure, depression, fear of covid-19, work-family conflict.
The objective of this thesis is to discuss stability of the collapsing self- gravitating objects as well as thin-shell wormholes. For this purpose, we consider two type of fluids, anisotropic fluid with expansion-free condition and collapsing dissipative fluids. The dynamical instability of expansion- free fluid is explored with and without charge in spherical and cylindrical backgrounds. We formulate the Einstein field equations, junction conditions and expansion-free dynamical equations by using the perturbation scheme in Newtonian and post-Newtonian regimes. We conclude that instability range of expansion-free fluid can be discussed in terms of energy density inhomogeneity, anisotropic fluid as well as electromagnetic field. We also investigate the dynamical instability of dissipative fluid in terms of adiabatic index in the framework of non-dissipative and dissipative per- turbations. The effects of electromagnetic field as well as physical variables in the onset of instability range are explored. For this purpose, we con- struct the collapse equation and explore the instability range in Newtonian and post-Newtonian regimes. We note that physical variables of the fluid can drastically change the instability range of the system which makes the system stable or more unstable. In particular, we find the critical value for which the collapsing cylinder will be stable or unstable. Finally, we construct thin-shell wormholes using the cut and paste pro- cedure and investigate their stability under the standard potential method. We formulate the general formalism to construct and investigate the sta- bility of spherical thin-shell wormholes supported by modified Chaplygin ixx gas. This is applied to construct general class of wormholes like Reissner- Nordstr ̈ o m, Schwarzschild with cosmological constant thin-shell wormholes and their stability under the radial perturbations are investigated. We find some extra stable as well unstable static wormhole solutions. Also, we construct charged black string thin-shell wormholes supported by modified Chaplygin gas and explore their stability. Interestingly, we find both stable and unstable solutions for cylindrical wormholes.