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Βeta-Lactamases Dissemination Amongst Multidrug-Resistant Pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae Isolated in Pakistan and the United States

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Hussain, Tahir

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Sciences & Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7344/1/Tahir_Hussain_Virology_%26_Immunology_2016_NUST_07.06.2016.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676727681063

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اے رب العالمین!

اے رب العالمین!
اے میرے مالک ۔۔۔اے میرے خالق۔۔۔!
آسمانی نسترن عصرِحنا کی سنا ںپر!
مردود وفا کی باتوں میں!
دل بسمل کی نسیم سحر کے ساتھ کہانی سناتی ہے
مجھے بہت تڑپاتی ہے
واقف کون و مکاں پہ درود سلام پڑھتے ہوئے!
چنار وصنوبر میں زعفرانی حسن دکھاتے ہوئے!
ہجر اور تنہائی کے زخموں کے روبرو۔۔۔!
عالم مسیحا کے وصال سے منسوب۔۔۔!
وصال مستجاب کا روپ صبح و شام دکھاتی ہے
مجھے بہت تڑپاتی ہے
میں تتلیوں پھولوں کے بیچ سورہ رحمٰن کی تلاوت کرتا ہوں
خزاں کے صحن میں سورہ یٰسین کی عبادت کرتا ہوں
ہوا زرد پتوںکو ۔۔۔پھولوں کے صحیفے میں سموکر!
دل کی ضربوں سے بھیگی آنکھوں کو!
ارغوانی پیالے میں ڈبو کر لاتی ہے
مجھے بہت تڑپاتی ہے
اے رب العالمیں۔۔۔! یہ دنیا مجھے بہت رُلاتی ہے

الفكر السياسي الإسلامي وتطوره من الشورى إلى الديمقراطية

There has been a tussle going on between Islam and democracy for many decades in the Muslim world which has benefited most certainly the anarchic factions like kings, lords and army dictators. Though democracy is close to Islam and thought to be the best of all types of governments as majority is authority in it that may make or mar the government. In a democratic setup, the individual and personal rights and freedom are considered which is why it is preferred more these days. Many as Muslim thinkers are also in favor of it, but still there is a large faction of clerical scholars who deem democracy as the root of all evils since it empowers general public as an authoritative and decisive force. However with the passage of time, the Islamic counseling system has evolved and come very close to the spirit of democracy. Therefore, may contemporary scholars hold Islamic counseling and democracy almost similar. This article aims to present a preview of democracy and counseling in the light of what the Ulema (Scholars) say about it.

Genetic Transformation and Expression Analysis of Cold Tolerant Gene in Tomato Solanum Lycopersicum Mill.

Chilling stress severely reduces the productivity of tomato as it is a cold sensitive plant. CBF3/DREB1A plays a key role in generating cold tolerance in tomato by regulating the response of multiple genes under chilling stress. In this study, cold tolerant gene (DREB1A) driven by Lip9 promoter, was transformed in three tomato genotypes (Rio Grande, Moneymaker and Roma) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens, employing tissue culture dependent and tissue culture independent transformation strategies. For tissue culture dependent transformation strategy, the effects of various PGRs (IAA, NAA, ZEA, Kin, BAP and GA3) and two ethylene inhibitors (AgNO3 and CoCl2) were investigated on callus induction and in vitro shoot regeneration. The maximum callus induction frequency (67.48%) was recorded on MS basal media enriched with 2.0 mg/l IAA, 2.5 mg/l BAP in cv. Rio Grande followed by Roma (62%) and Moneymaker (58.23%). Supplementation of AgNO3 (10-15 mg/l) in MS basal media along with PGRs (2.0 mg/l IAA, 2.5 mg/l BAP) significantly yielded the highest callus induction frequency (91.83%) in cv. Rio Grande, followed by Moneymaker (82.66%) and Roma (88.33%). Similarly, in vitro shoot regeneration frequency on MS media fortified with 0.1 mg/l IAA, 1.0 mg/l ZEA and 2.0 mg/l BAP significantly enhanced with the addition of 8-10 mg/l AgNO3 in all the cultivars i.e. in cv. Rio Grande (96.65%) followed by Roma (92.66%) and Moneymaker (90%). Likewise, the highest callogenesis (75.65%) was recorded in cv. Rio Grande on callus induction medium (CIM) supplemented with CoCl2 (5.5 mg/l), IAA (2.0 mg/l) and BAP (2.5 mg/l) followed by cv. Roma whose best callus induction (73.66%) was obtained on CIM supplemented with CoCl2 (4.5 mg/l), IAA (1.0 mg/l) and BAP (2.5 mg/l). In case of cv. Moneymaker the best callogenesis (68%) was secured on CIM having CoCl2 (3.5 mg/l), NAA (2.0 mg/l) and BAP (2.0 mg/l). The xiv highest in vitro shoot regeneration (85%, 81% and 78%) was recorded in Rio Grande, Moneymaker and Roma, respectively on shoot induction media supplemented with CoCl2 (4.25 – 5.0 mg/l). During this study, various concentrations of sucrose and sorbitol were scrutinized on in vitro shoot culture. The highest in vitro shoot regeneration frequency (100, 97.69 and 99%) was recorded in Rio Grande, Moneymaker and Roma with accumulative effect of sucrose and sorbitol (30: 30 g/l). Subsequently, transformation experiments were conducted by optimizing various factors both for tissue culture based and in planta techniques. For tissue culture based method of transformation; fifteen days old in vitro seedlings, forty-eight hours pre-culture period, bacterial density (OD600 nm = 0.2), three minutes infection period, 60 μM acetosyringone, forty-eight hours co-cultivation period, pH 5.6 of co-cultivation media, six days pre-selection duration, cefotaxime (500 mg/l) and hygromycin (35 mg/l) as lethal dose were found optimum. For in planta technique of transformation, various factors such as growing medium; soil: vermiculite (1: 1), optical density (OD600 nm = 1.0) and incubation period (20 min) were found optimum for efficient transformation efficiency. Polymerase chain reaction, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Southern blotting and Reverse transcriptase PCR confirmed the presence, integration and expression of DREB1A in T0 - T2 transgenic lines. Physiological and biochemical analyses of T2 transgenic plants depicted that after various chilling stresses; stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, CO2 concentration rate, photosynthetic rate, relative water contents, proline contents, total soluble sugar contents, chlorophyll contents, carotenoid contents and ascorbic acid contents of transgenic lines were significantly higher than those of NT plants. These findings clearly indicate that transgenic tomato plants over-expressing Arabidopsis CBF3 gene enhanced protection and provided cold tolerance under controlled conditions in transgenic containment.