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A Multi-Feature Hybrid Object Tracking Algorithm

Thesis Info

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Author

Khattak, Ahmad Saeed

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Engineering and Technology

City

Taxila

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2020

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Engineering & Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12065/1/Ahmad%20saeed%20khattak%20Electrical%20engg%202020%20uet%20taxila%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727686116

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The availability of low-cost video cameras and digital media storage has invited huge investments in developing state-of-the-art algorithms that automatically evaluate and understand video datasets. One such class of algorithm is object tracking which analyzes the data and automatically determines the location of the object in a video sequence. As these algorithms are a prelude to a higher level decision making algorithms, therefore estimation of the trajectory of the object must be accurate and robust under many challenging constraints. A very popular class of object tracking algorithm is the hybrid object tracking category based on integrating Meanshift (MS) and Particle Filter (PF) (MSPF). The purpose of this integration was to overcome the limitation of the PF methods that required a large number of samples/particles PF method to approximate the object state. Consequently, this integration uses the MS optimization procedure to move fewer particles, in the direction of gradient ascent, which represents the dynamics of the target more accurately. The existing methods employ a pre-determined combination of features, inherently assuming that the background would not change. However in uncontrolled environment, it is difficult to specify the background of the object in advance as it moves around the field of view of the camera and thereof this assumption may not often hold. Moreover, hybrid tracking systems based on the MSPF methodology are very compute intensive and it is desirable to reduce this complexity. In the first part of this research, the dissertation aims to investigate an adaptive multi-feature framework that is implemented on top of the MSPF methodology that tracks the object in the local perspective. Essentially that takes care of the dynamic and changing characteristic of the background, which is one of the most important challenges in the object tracking domain. In this research work, an Adaptive Multi-Feature framework is proposed and implemented on top of the MSPF methodology (AMF-MSPF). An adaptive ranking module is proposed that is triggered after a certain criteria is violated, in which case a new set of features are selected for tracking the object. The top ranked features are selected to represent the object, which gives the tracker the ability to adapt to locate the object with an upgraded set of feature. Consequently, this improved local discrimination of the target from its immediate neighboring pixels. In most applications a small portion of computational resources are dedicated to trackers and rest is reserved for higher level decision making tasks, which mandate trackers to be efficient and less complex. Thereby, the second part of the dissertation looks into the complexity of the MSPF methodology. As the MSPF methodology is already a computationally intensive processing task, implementing a feature ranking module on top of it might complicate matters. The feature ranking module also requires a significant portion of the power, thereby a novel MS technique is proposed to free some resources for the ranking module. This novelty comes from an observation that only a fraction of random samples were required by the MS optimization to approximate the similarity metric without inducing significant error. This computational reduction would be advantageous given the complex integration of the MS and PF, because the MS procedure is directly proportional to the number of particles that would take many MS iterations to converge. The proposed novelty in the MS method has reduced its complexity that has greatly impacting the overall complexity of the proposed AMF-MSPF. The proposed AMF-MSPF framework is tested on sequences from the CAVIAR datasets such as Browse and Walkbyshop1and an s8 sequence was taken from the PET dataset. These datasets are known for a number of challenging constraints such as abrupt intensity variations, full occlusions, cluttered background etc. Qualitative results have shown robust and accurate tracking under stringent constraints. In the quantitative analysis, a comparison with the existing methods has been carried out. The proposed framework has shown significant improvements in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), false alarm rate (FAR), and F-SCORE. The average RMSE, FAR, and F_SCORE, over all the video sets, of the proposed AMF-MSPF are 8.68, 0.15, and 0.92, which has improved manifold as compared to the chosen reference methods. Experimental results have proved the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
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ہجر زدوں کا در دیکھا ہے

ہجر زدوں کا در دیکھا ہے
ہم نے جی کر مر دیکھا ہے

وقت برا تو آیا نہیں ہے
اچھا وقت مگر دیکھا ہے

دیکھ سکے نہ دل کہ جگر ہے
میں نے وہ خنجر دیکھا ہے

ایک خدا اور ایک محبت
من کو کب کافر دیکھا ہے

تب سے پیاس بڑھی ہے جب سے
آنکھوں کا ساغر دیکھا ہے

بھوک کے نام پہ ڈستے رشتے
زیست کو یوں کیوں کر دیکھا ہے

اُس کو فضاؔ کیا اس دنیا سے
جس نے عشق کا در دیکھا ہے

اسلام اور جین مت میں طہارت کا تقابلی جائزہ

      Allah created all the required things fo the world since the world was given existence. Human was made its tenant and was equipped with art of living and eversince human life exists in all the corners of the world whatsoever religion they follow, but  they do follow a set of social principles in life. And literal meaning of those principles is called religion, because religion literally mean"way of living or manner of living". And contextually religion may be defined as the principles followed to live life.       In the light of this definition of religion some people have been confronted having no concept  of  religion, they are called Communists. But anyone who does not believe in Allah and the Prophet PBUH are termed Communists. In the following dissertation a comparison has been drawn between Islam and jeen Mat to show that no religion can compete Islam in terms of Clarity or cleanliness.

Prevelence of Fatty Liver Disease in Ageing Population and Effects of Nigella Sativa Tablets on Fatty Liver

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence has not been well established. The aim of this study was to define prospectively non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence in hospitalized and ambulatory patients 20-65 years old during June 2013 to June 2014 were selected from Combined Military Hospital Peshawar Cantonment area. A base line questionnaire and right upper quadrant ultrasound was completed by all patients. On identifications of fatty liver among the selected cases further lab test data and liver biopsy reports were obtained. Mean BMI of female was 29.9 ± 5.65 while prevalence of hypertension and diabetes were 49.8% and 16.6% respectively. Among all patients 62% were Punjabis, 23% were Pathans while 12% were Sindhies.Overall NAFLD prevalence was 47% while NASH was confirmed in 20 patients (12.3% of total and 30%of ultrasound positive patients). Pathans had the highest prevalence of NAFLD (58.5%) as compared to Punjabi’s (44.5%) and Sindhies (35.3%). Pathans also had a higher prevalence of NASH compared with Punjabies (19.5% VS 10%: p-value= .03).In general NAFLD patients were more prevalent among male (59%), Diabetic (p-value <0.00005), hypertensive (p-value< 0.00005) and older (p-value< 0.005). They consumed more fast food (p-value = 0.049) had a higher BMI (p-value<0.0005) and had little or no exercise as compared to their normal or non NAFLD counter parts (p-value= 0.02). NAFLD was found in 75% and NASH in 22.5% among the 26 diabetic patients. ALT, AST, BMI, insulin, quantitative insulin sensitivity checks index and cytokeratin – 18 correlated with NASH. It was concluded that NAFLD and NASH prevalence is higher than estimated previously, Pathans and Patients with diabetes are at high risk.In this part of the study, the effects of tablets Nigella Sativa on fatty liver disease in rats were determined. Fatty liver disease are increasing worldwide due to physical inactivity and increased fructose intake in processed foods. The seeds and oil of the plant Nigella Sativa have been widely used in various countries of the world to promote health and cure disease. The study was conducted on 52 aged (16-18 months) male albino rats to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa tablets dietary supplementation on fatty liver disease. Rats were randomly divided in; Group-I (Control rats C) (n = 20) fed standard rat diet; Group-II (Fatty liver Group-F) (n=14) fed high fructose diet (diet having 60% fructose w/w) and Group-III (Fatty liver/ Nigella sativaGroup-F/NS) (n = 18) fed Group-F diet but mixed with crushed tablets (1.6 g/kg) in order to achieve Nigella sativa daily intake of 170mg/kg b.w. During this study rats were monitored for daily food intake and weekly body weight. The parameters including body weight final, BMI, liver weight, serum glucose,insulin, HOMA-R, TC, HDL-c, LDL-c, vLDL-c, Adiponectin, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin were monitored after six weeks in the selected group of rats. The rats livers, brains and kidneys histopathological examination were also carried out.The Real-Time PCR(RT- PCR) of superoxide dismutase (Sod1, Sod2) and DNA glycosylase (Ogg1, MutY) were used for the detection ofenzymatic antioxidant defense system. The western blot anlysis of OGG1 expression was used for the detection of DNA repaire. Our results show that that there was a significant increase in visceral fat weight in Group-F compared to Group-C and a significant decrease in Group-F/NS compared to Group-F. Both Group-F and Group-F/NS had significant increase in glucose fasting, insulin, HOMA R, TC, LDL-c, vLDL-c, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin. While a significant decrease in serum adiponectin compared to Group-C. However, Group-F/NS showed significant decrease in serum glucose fasting, insulin, HOMA-R, TC, LDL-c, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin as well adiponectin increased significantly compared to Group-F. Histopathological examination in Group-F showed vascular congestion in the liver, kidneys, necrosis of renal tubular cells as well as focal cerebral hemorrhage while Group-F/NS showed almost normal histology. Gene expression of antioxidant defense mechanism: Sod1, Sod2, Ogg1 and MutY decreased significantly in the Group-F but reversed by the Nigella Sativa tablets co-administeration in Group-F/NS. Nigella sativa crushed tablets co-feeding with higher fructose diet showed significant decrease in serum level of glucose fasting, insulin, total cholesterol(TC), LDL-c, HOMA-R, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin and a significant increase in serum adiponectin in fatty liver disease in aged rats. TheNigella Sativa tablets role in attenuation of hepatic oxidative DNA damage in Group-F/NS may be mediated by up regulation of the antioxidant defense mechanism and oxidative DNA repair activity. The clinical benefits of the Nigella Sativa treatment in the shape of diminution of oxidative damage may explain its role in patients with fatty liver disease. In this part of our study the ad-on effects of tablets Nigella Sativa on different clinical and biochemical parameters in human were determined. Metabolic syndrome and its associated complications have been reported to be extensively increased worldwide. The seeds and oil of the plant Nigella Sativa have been widely used globally to cure various disease and promote health since ancient times especially in the Southeast Asia and in the mejority of theMiddle East countries. A lot of work has been done already on this plant. Thisprospective clinical study was designed to evaluate the ad-on effect of tablets Nigella Sativa on different parameters in fatty liver disease. This clinical study was conducted in medicine departement of a tertiary health care facility theCombined Military Hospital (CMH) Peshawar cantonment from June 2013 to May 2014. After considering inclusion and exclusion criteria and final diagnoses, 60 patients in this prospective study were enrolled. Upon approval from hospital ethical committee all the patients were properly consented in writing and were informed about study scope, Patients were equally distributed in two groups containing 30 each. In Group-1 (Control group) Patients were given Tab Metformine 500mg PO BD and Tab Rosuvastatine 10mg PO at night for a period of six weeks while in Group-II (Nigella Sativa treated group) in additions to standard treatment tablets Nigella sativa 600mg PO BD for a duration of six weeks were given. Theparameters including waist circumference, body weight, body mass index, lipid profile, Blood sugar fasting and post parandial, Liver functions test (LFT’s) and Ultrasound right upper quadrant were recorded before and upon treatment completion.The above mentioned methodology was followed and the study findings were : Fasting bloodsugar, low density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c)and total cholesterol (TC)percentage improvements in Group-II were statistically significant (p-value<0.05). In both the groups serum Alanintransaminase (ALT) declined significantly, in the Nigella sativa tablets treated Group-II the reduction was almost 2 fold (48% vs. 26.4%). On ultrsonography a statistically significant reversal of fatty liver was found only in the Nigella sativa tablets treated Group-II (p-value<0.05). As an ad-on therapy tablets Nigella sativa was found effective in fatty liver disease. Nigella sativa tablets has shown significant results especially in diabetic and dyslipidemic patients.