Natural Language Interfaces to Databases (NLIDB) is an area of research that deals with the representation of users request to database in their native language. Currently, data warehouses are widely used by enterprises for decision making. It is important to mention that characteristics of decision-making systems are inherently different from transactional systems. The users of decision-making systems are top management (executives) who are normally non-technical having less knowledge of the data warehouse schema and about writing database technical queries. In fact, ad-hoc query is the information need of user that may not be fulfilled with front-end tools having predefined capabilities e.g. Reporting, OLAP or Data mining tools etc. Such information needs are not easy to express in technical query language. This motivated us to propose a Natural Language Based Retrieval System for Data Warehouse (NLRSDW) to support users especially in the ad-hoc query development.A Logical Schema-based Mapping (LSM) technique has been developed. Using this technique, targeted search is performed efficiently in the data instances. For targeted search, a LSM oriented mechanism has been presented. In addition, 3 searching strategies are elaborated which include 1) Identified elements searching 2) Proximal elements searching and 3) Level-wise searching to retrieve the matching instances for each data value. The retrieved instances are ranked with 5 criterions based on which an algorithm has been developed. Furthermore, solution to identify the aggregation constructs (i.e. aggregation function, measure, level and grouping attributes) accurately has been presented. Data Warehouses maintain aggregated computations to efficiently answer queries on large volume of data. It is very challenging task to interpret accurate aggregation constructs from the keyword-based query written on the Natural Language Interface to Data Warehouse. Later, a semi-automatic approach to build the Data Warehouse logical Schema-based Domain Thesaurus is proposed.This approach takes the Data Warehouse logical Schema as input and generates Domain Thesaurus using multiple sources containing Schema, Data Instances, WordNet, WWW and Domain Repository. The Thesaurus evolution approach is also presented which shows how Thesaurus can be technically expanded at user query time.An in-depth experimental evaluation has been carried out in comparison to existing systems. The results are encouraging. Using NLRSDW, non-technical users can easily write any ad-hoc information need in natural language. As a result, executives do not have to take support of IT staff and time to develop query is negligible.
مولوی مظہرالحق صاحب پٹنہ جس طرح ہمارا پرانا سال ایک بڑے قومی حادثہ یعنی پرانی تعلیم کے ایک بہترین نمونہ (مولانا حبیب الرحمان عثمانی دیوبندی) کے دائمی فقدان پر ختم ہوا، اسی طرح ہمارے نئے سال کا آغاز بھی ایک بڑے قومی حادثہ یعنی نئی تعلیم کے ایک بہترین نمونہ (مولوی مظہرالحق صاحب بیرسٹر پٹنہ) کی دائمی جدائی سے ہوا، مولوی مظہرالحق صاحب مرحوم کی قومی و سیاسی حیثیت تو الگ ہے، ان کی اخلاقی اور علمی حیثیت بھی کچھ کم قابل ذکر نہیں ہے، وہ فارسی سے واقف، عربی سے آشنا، انگریزی کے ادیب و خطیب اور فلسفہ کے نہایت دقیقہ رس طالبعلم تھے، ان کے علمی کارناموں کا آغاز طوفان نوح کی بحث سے ہوا، الپنچ پٹنہ اور وقت گورکھپور ان کے ابتدائی علمی مباحث کے جولان گاہ تھے، ان کی سب سے آخری علمی تحریر غالباً وہ ہے جو ابھی ابھی پونہ سے شائع ہونے والی انگریزی کی کتاب تصوف و روحانیت پر مقدمہ ہے، وہ نسباً فاروقی تھے، اس لئے ان کی اخلاقی قوت و جرأت کیا سلطنت اور کیا قوم دونوں کے مقابلہ میں برابر تھی، وہ جس کو حق سمجھتے تھے اس کے اظہار میں نہ ان کو سلطنت کی پروا ہوتی تھی اور نہ قوم کی، ان کا یوروپین طرز معاشرت کو الوداع کہہ کر وفعتہ مشرقی اور غالی مشرقی بن جانا ان کی بے مثال اخلاقی جرأت کا نمونہ ہے، مرحوم کی آخری عمر روح و روحانیت کی تحقیق میں صرف ہوئی، خدا ان کی روح کو اپنی مغفرت کی لازوال دولت سے مالا مال کرے، اب وہ وہاں پہنچ چکی ہے، جہاں کے کشف زار کے لئے وہ بے قرار تھی۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۳۰ء)
Over the course of time and with the rapid increase in human population need for mutual relations become crucial. Resultantly on behalf of this closeness, separation, anti-standpoints and comparisons also emerged. As the time passed by hatred and hypocrisy and other social vices spread on large scale. Thus human society was waiting for such liberator who may lead and work for the betterment of this society. With the dawn of Islamic civilization all such issues were not only resolved but also provided with a model for containing the difference of opinion and multiple traditions under its unique worldview. Islamic History presents itself as a model where the minorities were provided with the opportunities of participating in political, social, educational and collective affairs. Thus in a society where tyranny, injustice, un-forbearance, religious intensity, terrorism and the activities of violating the human rights were very common, were substituted by the Islamic ideal of forbearance. It is argued here that the solution of all these issues was only in religion contrary to what is being claimed about an idea of social harmony where religion is not given its due position. Today its our dire need to develop a sense of harmony, modesty, affection and peacefulness among the masses of various religions of Pakistani society. It is further argued that for this very noble cause all the religious scholars and their followers can come forward playing their pertinent role.
Malakand division of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan is famous for the production of walnuts and it alone contributes about 82% of the total country’s walnut production. However, the specie is being aggressively cut due to multiple uses of walnut bark and wood, leading to the extinction and genetic erosion of valuable walnut germplasm. To conserve this specie, surveys were conducted in four walnut growing districts of Malakand division during the years 2005 and 2006 and nut samples from 226 walnut genotypes were collected. Data were recorded on various qualitative and quantitative traits. On the basis of data analyses 18 superior walnut genotypes along with two exotic varieties were selected for further detail study. Results revealed that several of our indigenous genotypes excelled the existing exotic varieties growing in Pakistan in various quality aspects. Bio-chemical composition of the selected genotypes revealed that the percent crude fat ranged from 54.7 to 63.8% whereas crude protein from 10.45 to 14.50% and carbohydrates between 13.10 to 26.95 percent. At molecular level genotypes showed various levels of genetic polymorphism for the loci detected by using primers GLA-05 and GLA-10. Maximum genetic distance (100%) was observed between Payne and Sw-58 and Payne and Serr, closely followed at 94% dissimilarity between Payne and Dr-67. Based on the data from the dendrogram, the walnut genotypes were classified in to four major groups. Maximum numbers (13) of genotypes fall in group-I. Sw-58 was the only genotypes in group-IV and the most distinct from others. The response of selected walnut genotypes to graft take success was also studied. Results revealed that graft take success was highest (75.33%) in genotypes Ch-22 and Sw-8 (74.00%), while lowest (40.00%) in genotype Ch-7. During one growing season, Ch-20 attained maximum plant height (192.40cm) compared to minimum (56.63cm) in genotype Sw-46. Three different summer walnut propagation methods on 10 different dates were also examined. Results revealed that among the three methods of summer budding, patch budding performed on 20th July yielded the highest bud take success of 57.5%. Previously there was no concept of budding in walnut nurseries in the region. Thus by practicing summer budding along with winter grafting in walnut nurseries will certainly increase farmers income.