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Adaptive Cross Layer Multi-Path Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Thesis Info

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Author

Iqbal, Zeeshan

Program

PhD

Institute

Kohat University of Science and Technology

City

Kohat

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Computer Science

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13181/1/Zeeshan_Iqbal_Computer_Science_2017_KUSTK_23.01.2018.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727692545

Similar


Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are generally created for temporary scenarios. MANET nodes are mostly in mobility, where efficient routing is a challenging task. There are many applications of MANETs such as gaming, battle fields, habitat monitoring, file sharing etc. These applications have different requirement for example, gaming applications require higher bandwidth, security must be considered in battle field applications, informal outdoor meeting generally has no requirement except data transmission. These kinds of diverse applications emphasis research community to design adaptive and intelligent solutions for MANETs. In this thesis, we propose an Adaptive and Cross Layer Multi-Path Routing Protocol (AClMRP) for many challenging scenarios of MANET. Our routing mechanism operates keeping the type of application in view. For simple applications, it is inspired from traditional on-demand routing protocols by searching shortest routes from source to destination using default parameters. In case of multimedia applications, the AClMRP mechanism considers such routes which are capable to provide more data rates having less packet loss ratio. Those applications which need security, the AClMRP mechanism searches such routes which are more secure in nature as compared to others. Cross layer methodology is used in AClMRP routing scheme so that to exchange different parameters across the protocol stack for better decision making. Our approach is efficient and fault tolerant in a variety of scenarios we simulated and tested.
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پنڈت آنند نرائن ملا

پنڈت آنند نرائن ملا
۱۲؍ جون کو اردو تحریک کے قائد پنڈت آنند نرائن ملا چل بسے، وہ ۱۹۰۱؁ء میں لکھنؤ میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، جہاں ان کے والد پنڈت جگت نرائن ملا چوٹی کے وکیل تھے، آنند نرائن ملا بھی تعلیم سے فارغ ہوکر وکالت کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوئے، پھر الٰہ آباد ہائی کورٹ کے جج اور سینئر جسٹس ہوئے، ۱۹۶۱؁ء میں ریٹائر ہوئے تو سپریم کورٹ میں وکالت شروع کی، لوک سبھا اور راجیہ سبھا کے ممبر بھی منتخب ہوئے لیکن ان کی اصل وجہ شہرت و امتیاز کا باعث یہ ہے کہ وہ اردو کے ایک بڑے شاعر، نقاد، ادیب، سیکولر، انسان دوست اور گنگا جمنی تہذیب کا نمونہ تھے، اردو کی محبت ان کے رگ و پے میں رچی بسی ہوئی تھی اور وہ اس کے اپنی مادری زبان ہونے پر فخر کرتے تھے اور کہتے تھے کہ ’’میں مذہب چھوڑ سکتا ہوں لیکن مادری زبان نہیں چھوڑ سکتا‘‘۔
ان کا شعر ہے:
آتجھ کو گلے لگا کے مٹتی اردو
اک آخری گیت گا لیں تو چلیں
منظوم تصنیفات کے علاوہ بعض نثری تصنیفات بھی یادگار ہیں نظم وغزل دونوں پر قدرت تھی، روایت کی پاسداری کے باوجود کلام میں فرسودگی نہیں۔ مشاعرہ کے شاعر نہ تھے مگر اس میں شرکت کرتے تھے۔ دارالمصنفین کی گولڈن جبلی کے مشاعرہ کی صدارت کی تھی۔ اب غیر مسلموں میں اردو کے ایسے عالم، دانشور اور اس سے گہرا لگاؤ رکھنے والے عنقا ہورہے ہیں اس اعتبار سے ان کی وفات اردو کا واقعی ناقابل تلافی نقصان ہے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جولائی ۱۹۹۷ء)

 

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Theoretical Studies of Strongly Correlated Lanthanide Intermetallics Lnx3 X=In, Sn

In this thesis the structural, elastic and electronic properties as well as electric field gradient of the strongly correlated intermetallics LnX3 (Ln = La-Gd, X = In, Sn) have been investigated by using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbital (FP-LAPW+lo) method within the framework of density functional theory. The structural properties of these compounds are calculated by LDA, GGA, meta-GGA, WC, B3PW91, LDA+U and GGA+U schemes. The calculated lattice parameters are found consistent with the available experimental results. Our results show contrac- tion of lattice constant along the series and the divalent state of Eu is also verified. The itinerant and localized behavior of electrons in f -states of these compounds is also discussed. These compounds have 4f orbitals and hence strong electron-electron correlation effect is expected, therefore, the electronic properties are also calculated with the Hubbard potential U (GGA + U and LDA + U) and the effect of Hubbard potential on the density of states is discussed in details. The relativistic effects are also considered by including the spin-orbit coupling (SOC). The spin-orbit coupling predict the correct electronic properties and also reveals the splitting of 4f states of the rare-earth elements. It affects the band structures of the compounds and induces non-degeneracies in some degenerate states in the vicinity of the Fermi level. Furthermore, the SOC effect increases from left to right in the lanthanide series in the LnIn3 and LnSn3 , which shows interesting nature of SOC effect in the periodic table. The elastic constants of these compounds are also calculated. Our calcu- lated values for the elastic constants of the compounds are closer with the available experimental values as compared to the other theoretical results. The mechanical properties for the compounds under studies such as shear iii modulus, bulk modulus, Young’s modulus, Kleinman parameters, anisotropic ratio, Poisson’s ratio, Lame’s coefficients are also determined . The Cauchy pressure and B/G ratio are also investigated to evaluated the ductile and brittle nature of LnIn3 and LnSn3 compounds. The Sound velocities for shear and longitudinal waves, and Debye temperature also explored on the basis of mechanical properties. The Electric field gradients (EFG) are also calculated for the rare-earth intermetallics LnIn3 and LnSn3 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr and Nd) using the GGA, GGA + U, as well as GGA + SOC. Our results show that the EFGs calculated by GGA+U approach are in better agreement with the available experimental values of the M ̈ssbauer spectroscopy as compared to the other theoretical schemes. Our results show nonzero EFGs at rare-earth sites in the AFM phase. The present research will add some theoretical understanding of these materials and will also fill the gap about some of the physical properties of these compounds in literature.