Reliability of materials and structures in the form of thick-walled cylinders is of critical importance to many industries including power, nuclear, chemical, armament, and food processing industries. Catastrophic failure of these cylinders can put the human life and the surroundings at very high risk. For this reason, the integrity of the cylinder should be guaranteed. The integrity of nearly all engineering structures is threatened by the presence of cracks. Structural failure occurs if a crack larger than a critical size exists. Although most well designed structures initially contain no critical cracks, subcritical cracks can grow to failure under fatigue loading, called fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue failure that is failure under repeated or cyclic loading is a serious concern of engineering design. Under fatigue loading the component may fail at a stress level that is far below its yield strength. In present research the fatigue crack propagation, in a thick- walled cylinder, is analyzed through detailed experimental work and finite element analysis and the fatigue crack growth life of the cylinder, with crack at the bore surface, has been predicted. Extrusion process induces microstructural anisotropy in the thick-walled cylinder. The intensive experimental work, with the help of laboratory tests on the material under investigation, explores the details of the material and the microstructure-properties relationship in the longitudinal and transverse orientations. The yield and tensile strength in two orientations are not significantly different. However, percent elongation, reduction in area, impact strength and fracture toughness of the material are superior in the axial direction. A marked impact of anisotropy is found on the fatigue properties and shorter fatigue life in the transverse direction was obtained, which is 41 to 62 % lower in the tested stress range of 129 to 47 MPa. The theoretical part of the study includes modeling and simulation based on finite element method and the numerical technique is employed for the simulation of fatigue crack propagation. The finite element analysis, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) combined with the Paris law, suitably predicts the fatigue life and provides the results that are in good agreement with the experimental results. Both the experimental and numerical results of the crack growth data at different stress levels were found in good agreement all along the Paris regime. In the near threshold region the predicted values are conservative. With implementation of the present scheme of work the fatigue crack growth life of the thick-walled cylinder, with internal axial crack, has been predicted.
یکم مئی : یومِ مزدوراں نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اساتذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’یکم مئی: یومِ مزدوراں‘‘ جناب صدر! یوم مئی ایک ایسے دن کی یاد دلاتا ہے جس دن انسانیت کے ساتھ ظلم روا رکھا گیا ، جس دن انسانیت کی تذلیل کی گئی، جس دن انسانیت کے ساتھ خون کی ہولی کھیلی گئی ، جس دن مفلوک الحال طبقہ کو گولی کا نشانہ بنایا گیا۔ تو قادر و عادل ہے مگر تیرے جہاں میں ہیں تلخ بہت بندۂ مزدور کے اوقات صد رِمحترم! مزدور کی ایک شان ہے، مزدور کی ایک آن ہے، مزدور کو اللہ کا قرآن اور حضورؐ کی حدیث عزت دے رہی ہے، مزدور الکاسب حبیب اللہ کے تحت اللہ کا دوست ہوتا ہے۔ مزدور کیمحنت ہی سے بزم کائنات کاحسن نکھرتا ہے۔ ؎ ان کے دم سے شیش محلوں میں ہے قائم روشنی جنابِ صدر! مزدور کے ہاتھوں سے شجر ہستی میں تازگی آتی ہے، مزدور کے ہنر سے چمنِ حیات میں پھول کھلتے ہیں، مزدور کی طاقت سے ہی کو ہساروں میں آبشار یں پیدا ہوتی ہیں، مزدور کی محنت سے ہی فصلیں کشت ِزعفران بنتی ہیں، مزدور کے ہاتھوں سے ہی دریاؤں میں روانی آتی ہے۔ صدرِذی وقار! امریکہ کے شہر شکاگو میں مزدوروں نے جان کا نذرانہ پیش کر کے رہتی دنیا تک اپنا نام زندہ کیا، بقائے دوام حاصل کر لیا، ظلم و استبداد کی چکی میں پسے ہوئے مزدور انسانیت کے لیے خوشی کی نوید جاں فزا ثابت ہوئے ، شب وروز افسردہ ذہنوں میں تروتازگی کے تصورات پیدا کیے۔ جنابِ صدر! انسان کو آرام کی بھی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ مسلسل کام ، کام...
ABSTRACT According to Islamic jurisprudence, power of attorney is a lawful provision. It is very much apparent in matters like marriage, divorce, sale and purchase transactions, trade partnerships, and criminal cases. In these situations, someone else other than the person concerned may be appointed as a representative or agent to act on behalf of the original person. There are some controversies among Muslim jurists surrounding the issue of the power of attorney or of representation. This article is devoted to discussing the various stands of the jurists and their arguments concerning the scope of attorney and agent in the above-mentioned legal areas
His real name is Mohammad Akram S/O Nazar Mohammad. His father and Uncle were the moored of Syed-ul- Arifeen Haji Mohammad Nosha Gunj Baksh and they had spiritually a great status of sofi. Ghaneemat kunjahi also was the follower and allegiance of Syed Saleh Mohammad that had a link with Ghoos-ul- Azam Sheikh Abdul Qadar Geelani. As the result of this association with them the verses of Ghaneemat Kunjahi are full of spiritualism, and he got a great same because of it. Ghaneemat has mentioned about his allegiance in of his Masnavie’s”Nairang-e- ishq” .The other books of Ghaneemat Kunajhi are “Deevan-e-Ghaneemat,Saqinama, Gulzar-e-mohabbat, Manazira of Gull and Nargis ,and Letters of Ghaneemat are also famous. Life and works of Ghaneemat Kujahi are not found in detail. Some of the writers have mentioned him in their articles or have published his books without any detail. But still it needs explanation ,so it was necessary that beside of his so many writings research about his Masnavi, as to must be researched. And may be utilized by the researchers as a separate article. I have selected the Masanvi as my PhD thesis for that purpose and the states that Ghaneemat had in between the books of Sub-continent may be put in the reach of them. I hope my effort my open a new path in the Persian Language and Literature of sub-continent. After the study of the Masnavi we acknowledge that it not only reflects the picture in the society of those days, which explains the feelings, customs and habits, civilization and culture of the people of that ears but ,it reflects the terminologies and verbal sentimental, metaphors and talismans. Sometime it seems that Ghaneemat Kunjahi has last hi path but he did not gave up his objective of research. And he describes his objectives as a good and interesting way.