تمسکات میں سرمایہ کاری اور اس کی شرعی حیثیت تحقیقی وتجزیاتی مطالعہ

Islam is a complete code of life which provides guidance in political, social and economic affairs. Economics deals with very importnt sphere of human life that involves struggle for survival. This struggle is always appreciated because Allah Almighty Himself motivates for it. The basic aim of this is to eradicate poverty and huger and to bring happiness and satisfaction in society but the condition is that all the economic activities should be done with within the limits of sharia. Otherwise the efforts of human beings in this world as well as hereafter will never be successful. In contemporary economic trends, investment in securities is well known and popular. Government and private institutions issue bonds, shares, debentures etc to provide economic security to the people but in various types of sceurities Shar฀‘ah laws are not taken care of. Where, for a Muslim, injunctions of Shar฀‘ah are everything. There are tidings of rewards on obeying these injunctions and warning of punishment on their violation boath in this world and hereafter. Economic experts suggest to invest but People remain uncertain in these schemes. Regarding this objective, in this article few types of securities (Shares, Debentures and Prize Bonds) have been discussed in Shar฀‘ah perspectives and prize bonds were given special attention because of difference of openion of scholars about it. Some alternate solutions which may provide an insight into Islamic fiscal monetary system have been provided at the end.

Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Millettia Ovalifolia, Indigofera Heterantha and Selected Conifers

The research work embodied in the present dissertation deals with isolation, characterization and evaluation of biological activities of Indigofera heterantha, Millettia ovalifolia, and selected conifers which are presented in five parts along with a brief review of the biosynthesis of terpenoids, flavonoids, indigoferamide, indigoferate, indigoferone, millettio peroxide and sesquiterpene. PART- A Part A describes the phytochemical and biological evaluation of Indigofera heterantha (Wall). Three new and seven known compounds have been isolated from I. heterantha. Various experimental techniques and extensive spectroscopic studies were used for the isolation and structural elucidation of these compounds. Indigoferamide-A and indigoferate showed significant activity, against selected bacteria, while indigoferone exhibited high lipoxygenase activity. New Chemical Constituents · Indigoferamide-A (12) · Indigoferate (13) · Indigoferone (14) Known Chemical Constituents · Dotriacontanoic acid (15) · Formononetin (16) · Quercetin (17) ii· Quercetin 3-α-L-fucopyranoside (18) · 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-6,4’-dimethoxyflavon (19) · 3,5,4 ́-Trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone (20) · Norartocarpetin (21) · 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (22) PART- B Part B focused on isolation, purification, characterization and biological evaluation of the chemical constituents of Millettia ovalifolia. Millettioperoxide along with five known compounds have been isolated and characterized through physical characteristics and extensive spectroscopic studies. The new compound possessed high anti-bacterial activity. New Chemical Constituents · Millettioperoxide (23) Known Chemical Constituents · 3,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (24) · (E)-Ethyl 13-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) acrylate (25) · (E)-Methyl 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) acrylate (26) · N-Ethylacetamide (27) · Benzoic acid (28) iiiPART- C Part C deals with the isolation and characterization of the chemical constituents of Abies pindrow, which led to the isolation and structure elucidation of one new and four known chemical constituents. New Chemical Constituents · Abiespindrowpine (29) Known Chemical Constituents · β-Sitosterol (30) · β-Sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (31) · 3β, 28-Dihydroxylup-20 (29)-ene (betulin) (32) · 3β-Hydroxylup-20 (29)-ene-28-oic acid (betulinic acid) (33) PART- D Part D explains the isolation and characterization of phytochemical constituents of Pinus wallichiana. Four known compounds have been isolated and characterized. Known Chemical Constituents · β-Sitosterol (30) · β-Sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (31) · 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxy phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (34) · Oleanolic acid (35) ivPART- E Part E of the dissertation, described the isolation and structure elucidation of the chemical constituents of Piceae smithiana. Two known compounds have been isolated and characterized. Known Chemical Constituents · β-Sitosterol (30) · β-Sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3