Worldwide 39 million people are blind, and the number of people that could be blind is predicted to be 79 million in 2020. The loss of vision puts a limitation on a blind person to perform daily activities smoothly, which hampers the person’s participation/progress in education, employment, and social networking. The access to information on ubiquitous devices including smartphones, smartwatches, and wearable assistive bands is an emerging trend for not only people with vision but also those that are visually impaired. A large number of blind people are using smartphone-based assistive technologies and accessibility services such as talkback and voice assistants in performing their common-life activities including placing calls, sharing pictures, reading books, and sending messages, etc. However, existing accessibility services face several problems including late learning, accessing and selecting nonvisual items on the screen, finding an item of interest in a complex menu structure, and operating multiple connected-devices. In addition, the diversity of the devices, mutable user requirements, equipment, apparatus, systems, apps, services, accessibility, usability, and context-sensitivity contributes to the frustrating user experience significantly. Therefore, an accessibility-inclusive blind-friendly user interface model is required to perform activities on touchscreen interfaces. This thesis defines a semantically enriched universal accessibility framework by designing a usable, personalized, light-weight, and semantically enriched accessibility-inclusive user interface to operate common applications on a smartphone. The proposed blind-friendly interface design simplifies User Interface Artefacts (UIAs) such as layouts, labels, buttons, and panels, etc., on touchscreen interfaces. The users can share UIAs to other devices instead of sharing the whole screen by enhancing the availability and consistency of multiple devices. The user v experience of blind people in operating smartphone/smartwatch interfaces were evaluated through empirical and automated user studies. The evaluation framework peculiarly recorded and investigated the behaviour of the blind people on several usability parameters including attitude, intention to use, perceived usefulness, understandability & learnability, operability, ease of use, system usability scale, minimal memory load, consistency, and user satisfaction. The study leveraged an improved user experience of blind people in performing common-life activities on a smartphone. The findings of this thesis provide an essential reference for usability experts, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) experts, and application developers in designing accessibility-inclusive services for touchscreen user interfaces
2۔قتل شبہ عمد اگر کسی شخص نے کسی کے چھوٹی لکڑی ماری یا چھوٹا پتھر مارا یا اس کے جسم میں کوئی چیز چبھودی یا اور کوئی عمل کیا جس کے کرنے سے عام طور پر آدمی مرتا نہیں لیکن اس کے باوجود وہ مرگیا تو اس میں قصاص لازم نہیں آئے گا ۔ قاتل کی مدد گار برادری پر دیت لازم ہوگی اور یہ قتل شبہ عمد کہلائے گا۔
This study aimed to improve the mathematics learning through the application of the Discovery Learning model with a scientific approach. The application of the Discovery Learning learning model with an effective scientific approach can increase the frequency of activeness and activities in the teaching and learning process according to the observations of student attitudes during the implementation of classroom action research. It showed that Student learning outcomes that are not entirely satisfactory are also caused by several factors, namely individual student factors, student environment and school environment.
Many pesticides are carcinogenic chemical substances those have proved to be lethal for human. Therefore, the application of these chemicals should be controlled and claimed percentage of active content in pesticide formulations available in market should be maintained. In order to investigate presence of correct claimed percentage in all formulations, accurate, reliable and low cost methods are significantly required. Considering the importance of these methods, a research work was proposed to develop analytical method for simultaneous quantitative determination of active content in pesticide formulations. For all the studies, HPLC1-UV and HPLC2-UV were used. Seven methods were developed and validated by following ICH guidelines. In which dimethomorph and chlorothalonil; azoxystrobin, fludioxonil and metalaxyl-M; mesotrione, atrazine, benoxacor and s-metolachlor; bromoxynil heptanoate, bromoxynil octanoate and MCPA; clopyralid, tribenuron and fluroxypyr; imidacloprid; and fipronil, chlorfenapyr and pyriproxyfen as method 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 respectively were subjected to develop the simultaneous determination of mentioned pesticides. For optimization of each method, mobile phase, flow rate, stationary phase and wavelength were suitably selected. For all the methods except method 1, flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. For method 1: selected flow rate was 1.2 mL/min. For method 2 and 5: stationary phase was RP–18 end capped (5 μm, 4.6 mm x 25 cm) while, for rest of all methods, selected stationary phase was Beckman C-18 (5 μm, 4.6 mm x 15 cm). For all these methods, a mixture of acetonitrile and water was used as mobile phase. These mobile phase solvents were pumped on binary gradient mode with different ratio for different methods. The mobile phase composition (acetonitrile : water) for methods 1 and 7 was 80 : 20, for method 2; 50 : 50, for methods 3 and 6; 70 : 30 and for methods 4 and 5 was 85 :15. At the last, wavelengths were selected for each method for optimum chromatographic response of analytes. For which detection wavelength 230 nm, 220 nm, 212 nm and 270 nm; were selected for methods 1, 2, 5, 6, respectively and 260 nm for methods 3, 4 and 7. Finally, validation of all the developed methods was initiated following ICH guidelines implementing several parameters such as: system suitability test, linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision, accuracy and robustness. The system suitability test for all the developed methods were reported by investigating I asymmetry, capacity factor, and number of theoretical plates of all analytes for each method. Linearity of each developed method was determined by plotting calibration curve between chromatographic response and concentration of analyte. The correlation coefficient was found to be greater than 0.996 for all newly developed methods. LOD & LOQ were investigated based on standard deviation of chromatographic response and their respective slope from calibration curve data. For the validation of precision of methods, interday and intraday analysis of formulation were performed. The percent RSD were less than 2.0 for intraday analysis and less than 3.0 for interday analysis for all the methods. Accuracy for all the newly developed methods was checked by inter laboratory comparison (ILC) test among different laboratories. The Z-score values were calculated for each method in order to report the performance of all laboratories. The z-score values of all developed methods were exceptionally well in comparison with other participated laboratories. Robustness of the all methods were checked by making some deliberate changes in flow rate, mobile phase composition and wavelength for each newly developed method. No considerable change in response of analytes was observed upon above mentioned changes. This proved the robustness of all newly developed methods. Consequently, all the proposed methods can suitably be used for simultaneous quantitative determination of all studied pesticides in formulations for investigating active contents