عبدالمجید صاحب سالک
پنجاب میں مولانا ظفر علی خاں مرحوم کے بعد ادب و صحافت کے میدان میں سب سے ممتاز اور رنگارنگ شخصیت عبدالمجید صاحب سالک مرحوم کی تھی، وہ ادیب و شاعر بھی تھے اور صحافی و مزاح نگار بھی، ان کا مذاق بڑا ستھرا اور قلم متوازن تھا، ایک زمانہ میں ان کی ذات لاہور کی ادبی سرگرمیوں کا مرکز تھی، پنجاب کے بہت سے نوجوان ادیب و صحافی ان ہی کے دامن تربیت کے پروردہ ہیں، طبعاً بڑے باغ و بہار، سخن طراز اور بزم آرا تھے، انھوں نے علم و ادب کے ساتھ ملک و ملت کی بھی خدمت انجام دی، متعدد علمی و ادبی تصانیف ان کی یادگار ہیں، ان میں ’’مسلم ثقافت ہندوستان میں‘‘ ان کے حسن مذاق کا نمونہ ہے، ابھی تھوڑے دن ہوئے ’’ہم نہیں ہوں گے‘‘ کی ردیف و قافیہ میں ان کی ایک بڑی دلکش نظم نظر سے گذری تھی، کیا معلوم تھا کہ یہ شاعری اتنی جلد واقعہ کی شکل اختیار کرلے گی، علم و ادب کی محفلوں میں مدتوں ان کی یاد آتی رہے گی، اﷲ تعالیٰ علم و ادب کے اس خادم کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی،نومبر ۱۹۵۹ء)
Family is a blessing from Allah Almighty. Family is the first institution of society which plays pivotal role in the moral, ethical and social development of an individual. But our contemporary family system has confronted with a number of religious social, and normal problems. Such pruners( چھانٹنا کانٹے( have enharossed our society from all caused and diffusing the moral and ethical values of society. It resulted in digestion of our family system. The degrade of entropy and chose is day by day in our society. However Islam outlays complete code of family life. It understands that it is the building foundation of every society so a clear guide as to how family structure should be built is outlined in detail in Islam. It is Provide a sample to solve all kinds of problems in the light of life of Hazrat Muhammad
The importance of reservoirs, lakes and dams for drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control and electricity generation is widely acknowledged across the globe. In Pakistan, half of the electricity production is made through hydropower plants and dams. Pakistan is highly dependent on water generated, from the snow and ice melting in the mountainous regions of Karakoram. The water available in these catchments comes mainly from snow and glaciers melt. However, these watersheds are highly sensitive to climate change. Pakistan is one of the high risk countries considering the adverse effects of global warming due to its particular geography and climate. Variation of temperature and precipitation trends already resulted in alternative droughts and floods at various places. Consequently, the quantification of these changes at the right time is an important challenge for water resources managers. This study presents the comparison of two different models commonly used to simulate snow and ice melt in the high altitude snow covered mountainous watersheds. Two types of methods are commonly used to quantify the melting i.e. physics-based energy-balance model and the conceptual Positive Degree-Day Index (PDDI) model. The energy-balance based model calculated all the available energy fluxes to quantify melt. On the other hand temperature index based models consider melt as function of air temperature. The objective of this study is to analyze the differences of these models and assess their ability to simulate runoff in high altitude catchment with glacio-nival runoff regimes. This detail report details the comparison of these two melt methods in three high altitude catchments. A unique approach is implemented by using one numerical model framework to run both the melt schemes i.e EB and TI. Alpine3D has been modified to run TI melt scheme to let on investigate the associated uncertainties of each modeling approach. This approach will be expected to eliminate various uncertainty sources including errors that may come from the use of variety of interpolation schemes augmented in different tools. For better comparison and analysis, the model system was driven on three high-altitude glaciated basins. Two out of three study basins (Damma and Arolla) are located in Switzerland whereas; third basin (Passu) is located in Pakistan. These catchments represent different kinds of glaciers and have been selected due to their catchment area, input data coverage and other hydro-meteorological and climatic data availability. The quick convergence of the degree-day model to reasonable results is observed, even if its limits are discussed. On the other hand, the high sensitivity of the energy-balance model to input datasets is noticed, particularly to wind speed which leads to melt overestimation in Damma catchment. Moreover, the air temperature overestimation due to the presence of katabatic winds on the Damma glacier is found to explain the remaining melt overestimation revealed by this model. Consequently, improvements are suggested to obtain more robust results with the energy-balance model. As a first step, wind speed is corrected by using new weather stations located at high altitude. Whereas, EB melt model demonstrated high performance at Arolla Catchment. This is because; highly representative meteorological data set was used from local weather stations located near the catchment boundary. In addition model was driven with the available temperature data measured at a 2 meter height and better represents the glacier surface conditions. On the other hand, both the model types failed represent the correct melt and discharge dynamics at Passu glacier mainly due to the non-availability of quality data sets. This shortcoming limited the thorough comparison of the models at this place. However this report highlight the importance and improvements needed and provides a firm base for energy balance modeling and this kind of comparison in Pakistan. Relative difference between the Energy Balance and Temperature Index simulations by a distributed energy balance model was very small despite the use of a simplified basic TI melt scheme without on-site calibration. This reveals that the use a highly accurate energy balance model SNOWPACK and Alpine3D have diminished various sources uncertainties. This report concludes that testing two melt schemes in a single model plays a very important role towards understanding melt dynamics and catchment hydrology. Special attention must be given to model calibration procedure for such kind of comparison. Quality input data sets and a long term measurement record plays a vital role in accuracy. EB balance based melt models are highly sensitive to the meteorological input variables and their correct spatial representation, which is extremely hard to achieve especially in rugged high altitude glacier rich terrains.