Concrete is being utilized as construction material in the construction industry worldwide. Nevertheless, it has some inherited deficiencies in terms of tensile strength, flexural strength and durability; such deficiencies lead its limitation on application for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. In order to improve the inbred limitation of concrete, additives like; blast furnace slag, fly ash, rice husk ash, silica flume and other pozzolans are being blended in its production. In fact, inclusion of these materials not only improves the concrete, but also utilizes the abundantly generated wastes thereby contributing to the environmental cleansing. In addition to that lowering of the construction cost and reduction of CO2 emission can be achieved to a relative extent. The utilization of RHA as a cementing material in concrete improves compressive and tensile strength of concrete to a greater extent. Polymeric compounds are being added in concrete to improve strength and durability, but limited utilization of such compounds is reported because of their cost. Hence a new composite, i.e. „Rice Husk Ash PolymerModified Concrete‟ (RHAPMC) is envisaged to use RHA as a supplementary cementing material so as to make concrete more economical and to mitigate some persistent environmental problems. Moreover, for enhancing impermeability of RHA blended concrete a re-dispersible polymer powder is added. The present study is mainly concerned with the techniques necessary to develop and characterize RHAPMC matrix. In the first phase of this study, cement is replaced with extracted locally available RHA which is obtained under different temperatures and burning durations. For in-depth characterization of the extracted RHA, in terms of chemical composition, loss on ignition and strength activity index has been carried out. It has been found that the extracted RHA at a temperature of 800oC for 2hr duration is more efficient as pozzolanic material. Chemical composition, strength activity index and loss on ignition meet the requirement of a pozzolanic material to be used in concrete as per ASTM C 618 standard. Cement was replaced with RHA (800oC-2hr) at dosages of 1 to 15% by weight of cement to study workability, compressive and tensile strength of concrete. A significant strength improvement at 10% replacement of cement with RHA is obvious in experimental outcome but impermeability decreases. In the second phase to improve the impermeability and to further increase strength of RHA blended concrete 1 to 15%dosages of re-dispersible polymer powder (RPP) was added. Workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, bond between steel and concrete, unit weight, water absorption, water permeability, carbonation effect and corrosion potential were investigated. Furthermore, to examine performance of RHAPMC matrix, standard size beams were cast with developed material and load carrying capacity, deflection and mode of failure were examined. It is found that beams cast with RHAPMC improved load carrying capacity with more deflection and prolonged ductile failure as compared to control beams. Based on the conducted research it can be concluded that the investigated physical, mechanical and durability properties of RHAPMC produced with 10% cement replacement by RHA and the inclusion of 5% RPP (by wt. of cement) along with 0.8% super plasticizer (by wt. of total binder) significantly improved than that of control concrete.
وہ پشاور یونیورسٹی کی طلبہ کی سیاست میں متحرک تھے اور پی ایس ایف کے مقبول رہنما تھے ۔ سید قمر عباس نے ہم سے کہا کہ قاضی سلطان محمود صاحب سے کہو کہ مجھے کچھ دن دیں ان شاء اﷲ خیبر پختونخواہ کے طلبہ پنجاب کے طلبہ کے شانہ بہ شانہ تحریک چلائیں گے ۔ہم واپس راولپنڈی آ گئے دوسرے دن رات کو بی بی سی اردو سنا کہ پشاور یو نیورسٹی کے طلبہ کا بھرپور احتجاج یونیورسٹی بند کر دی گئی جمرود روڈ مکمل بلاک سید قمر عباس شہید ایک بہادر انسان تھے وہ مشہور شاعر فارغ بخا ری کے صاحبزادے تھے ۔پیپلز سٹوڈنٹس فیڈریشن کے بانیوں میں سے تھے ۔ساری زندگی جد وجہد میں گزاری متعدد بار جیلوں میں گئے ان کی شہادت سے پیدا ہو نے والا خلاء آج تک پر نہیں ہو سکا ۔
یہ سال 1972کی بات ہے اور غالبا مہینہ بھی فروری کا تھا کیو نکہ مجھے یاد ہے کہ ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی پیپلز پارٹی کو بر سراقتدار آئے ہوئے یہی کوئی مہینہ ڈیڑھ ہو ا تھا ۔میں ان دنوں گورڈن کالج راولپنڈی کی سٹوڈنٹس یونین کا صدر تھا ۔چونکہ بھٹو صاحب نے جنرل یحی کوreplace کیا تھا اس لیے وہ نہ صرف ملک کے صدر تھے بلکہ مارشل لاء ایڈ منسٹریٹر بھی تھے ۔اسی اعتبار سے صوبوںکے گورنر ،ڈپٹی مارشل لاء ایڈمنسٹریٹر ٹھہرے پنجاب میں غلام مصطفی کھر کے پاس یہ عہدہ تھا۔کھر صاحب نے صوبے امور چلانے کے لیے ایک کابینہ تشکیل دے رکھی تھی ۔جس میں راولپنڈی سے منتخب شدہ ایم این اے خورشید حسن میر تعلیم کا مشیر بنا یا گیا تھا ۔میںنے صدارت کا الیکشن بھاری اکثریت سے جیت رکھا تھا ۔نسبتاََ آسانی سے...
Our current Islamic literature must adapt the post modem literary trends so as to make it more readable and reader-friendly. It is this optimizing and modernizing trendstylistically that would enhance the worth and readability of Islamic literature. The present article is an effort to review the reader friendly formats for Islamic literature so that it may become more inspiring.
The present study was conducted to find out factors affecting the women’s share in family inheritance in District Peshawar. It was based on the assumption made from Structural Oppression Feminism Theory that inheritance denial to women in Pakistani society is a common phenomena where male economic interest in family inheritance is directly or indirectly supported by patriarchy centered inheritance norms, practices and legal, religious and social institutions. Data for the study were collected through a pretested interview schedule from 384 sampled respondents belonging to both urban and rural areas of District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Findings of the study are based on univariate and bivariate analysis of data. The findings of the study confirmed the denial to women in family inheritance as a common phenomena in the study area. Many respondents did not even consider the denial as a violation of female’s basic human rights. Hence, this was found a common phenomena among all socioeconomic groups. Almost three fourth of the total respondents did not share inheritance with females at all while those who gave full share constituted only 2.3 percent. The rest tried to exploit the females and their in-laws by giving a small piece of land or little amount of money. A number of factors were found to affect the phenomena. Female inheritance denial was found significantly associated with the families where land and property were considered as the critical and fundamental economic resources and assets for males who wanted to keep it within the family to control both the resources and the females. Legal and religious institutions, despite having clear rules and regulations, could not protect female inheritance rights. They were both male dominated and found favoring the males. The females, on their part, could not contact the legal institutions, especially, due to lengthy and cumbersome procedure as well as high social and economic cost on litigation. Similarly, mosque and religious leaders did not motivate the respondents to share inheritance with their females. In fact, the male claim on family inheritance was further strengthened by the prevalence of patriarchy based inheritance norms, practices, unlawful methods and complicated procedures to get the share in inheritance. A significant association of female inheritance rights denial in this regard was also found with the patriarchal based perceptions that emanated females as subordinate, land and property belong to family where male got the primary rights and females silence is a proper behavior in inheritance share cases. The family and social norms in one way or other supported these ideas. Special marriages including exchange, paternal cousins or with the children of inheritance entitled females were also arranged to keep land and property within the family. Helping females and dowry was found as a substitute for inheritance share. The community level social institutions such as family and Jirga also did not play a positive role and supported the male interest. Similarly, media, political parties, NGOs and educational institutions, despite having potential and authority, could not address to the extent it deserved and demanded. The results partially endorsed both the socialist feminism and intersectionality theories of structural feminism. The study concludes that for general understanding and acceptance at community and society level, the female inheritance denial was/is a basic but an ignored issue. At community level, it should be highlighted through mosque, religious leaders and community based organizations. Similarly, the political parties, media and educational institutions should also be used as channels for disseminating relative knowledge for bringing positive change in the attitude of locals over the issue under consideration. The study recommends further that there is no need for further legislation; existing laws should be implemented overwhelmingly. All customary laws and practices having any role in female inheritance denial should be dealt strictly in accordance with the prevalent law.