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Cnn Based Grading and 3D Presentation of Maculopathy from Digital Retinal Images

Thesis Info

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Author

Hassan, Taimur

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Sciences & Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Engineering Computer System

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11537/1/Taimur%20Hassan%20Computer%20Engg%20-CEME-NUST%202019.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727715393

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Macula is the most vital part of retina where the central vision is formed and any damage to macula could result in severe visual impairment or even blindness. The group of diseases that affects macula are collectively known as maculopathy and the symptoms of maculopathy usually appear in late stages when it becomes very difficult to completely recover the subject’s lost vision. There are many retinal imaging techniques which are used to visualize human retina but optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the most widely used technique nowadays because it can show early symptoms of maculopathy by capturing retinal cross-sectional regions. Many researchers have worked on extracting retinal information from OCT images. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature available that provides a complete suite for the extraction and identification of retinal layers along with the fluid segments for the diagnosis as well as grading of maculopathy as per clinical standards. This thesis presents a robust framework that first extract and characterize up to nine retinal layers along with retinal fluids from OCT volumetric scans irrespective of their quality or acquisition machinery. Then, it utilizes the extracted retinal information for the diagnosis and grading of maculopathy. Furthermore, the proposed framework uses the segmented layers for the reconstruction of 3D retinal surfaces as well as for the 3D modeling of human retina. To extract retinal layers, the novel structure tensor graph search (STGS) framework has been proposed. STGS first computes coherent tensors which highlights the layer variations and then using those variations, it traces the layers iteratively by decomposing a tensor with maximum coherency into an undirected graph. After extracting the layers, the retinal fluids are automatically extracted through the proposed TU-Net architecture. TU-Net is a hybrid architecture consisting of three convolutional neural networks namely TU-Net-1, TU-Net-2 and TU-Net-3. TU-Net-1 extracts retinal fluids from the candidate scan through semantic segmentation, TU-Net-2 takes the extracted fluid map and identify intra-retinal and subretinal fluids along with measuring their respective volume. TU-Net-3 is responsible for diagnosing and grading maculopathy as per the clinical standards. Furthermore, the proposed framework utilizes the extracted layers for generating a highly detailed 3D presentation of retina through BowyerWatson based Delaunay triangulation algorithm. The proposed framework has been validated on publicly available Duke datasets (containing cumulative of 42,281 scans from 439 subjects), Biomedical Image and Signal Analysis dataset (containing 4,260 scans of 51 subjects), Zhang dataset (containing cumulative of 109,309 OCT scans) and local Amanat dataset (containing 372 scans of 9 subjects). The proposed framework achieved the mean accuracy of up to 94.62% for accurately extracting nine retinal layers, achieved the mean dice coefficient of 0.906 for accurately extracting the retinal fluids, achieved the accuracy of 98.75% for correctly identifying intra-retinal and sub-retinal fluids and achieved the accuracy of up to 93.42% for grading maculopathy as per clinical standards. Moreover, the proposed framework has been compared with other state of the art solutions on different publicly available datasets where it significantly outperformed them in extracting retinal layers, retinal fluids as well as in diagnosing maculopathy.
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جس شخص کے لہجے میں ہی تاثیر نہیں ہے

جس شخص کے لہجے میں ہی تاثیر نہیں ہے
کر سکتا کسی دل کو وہ تسخیر نہیں ہے

کیوں آس مری ایک بھی پوری نہیں ہوتی
کیوں میرے کسی خواب کی تعبیر نہیں ہے

اجمال سے اشکوں نے بیاں کر تو دیا ہے
کامل یہ مرے حال کی تصویر نہیں ہے

اب جائو مسیحا کو مرے ڈھونڈ کے لائو
اب اور مرے بچنے کی تدبیر نہیں ہے

جکڑا ہے زمانے کی رسومات نے ہم کو
ٹوٹے گی کبھی ایسی یہ زنجیر نہیں ہے

دکھ درد ہیں تائبؔ مرا سرمایۂ ہستی
ان جیسی کوئی دوسری جاگیر نہیں ہے

Practical Depiction of Gender Equality in Fiqh ul Seerah Perspective: An Analytical Assessment

“Gender equality” is certainly not another concept, this approach had been advocated in Islam, based on principles of equity and universal justice. Equality of rights are discussed in detail in sharīʿah (Islamic Law) and Holy Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم (had implemented them during his sacred era. Because the Qur'an and the Seer’ah of the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم (is a permanent phenomenon of practice and guidance. According to the sharīʿah men and women without any discrimination are equal before Allah, and women had granted their rights in inheritance and property, social and marriage rights, not aforementioned only, women also have the right to perform civic and administrative duties. From last few decades the concept of gender equality has increased and becoming chicer and trending on the international level. This study emphasizes the equal status between men and women, described in sharīʿah (Islamic Law; based upon Qur’an and Hadith mainly). This concept has often been misunderstood by the majority of society as a direct result of ignorance on how Islam perceives this concept. Not surprisingly, throughout the history of Islam indicates the prominent role has played by Muslim women played every walk of life. Therefore, the present research has discussed the gender equality in fiqh ul seerah perspective and has provided the detailed interpretation in the light of derived Law from actions and decisions taken by the Holy Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم, (along this the study also sheds lights upon the implementation of these gender-based rights during most sacred prophetic era and during the period of righteous caliphate as well.

Representational Politics and National Ideological Discourse: A Discursive Analysis of the British, American, and Indian Fictional Narratives of the Wars of Independence

The present study is grounded in the polemical fictional narratives apropos the wars of independence waged against the British Empire, in India and America, with the aim to understand the literary dialogue between the colonial and postcolonial versions, discourse and counter-discourse. For analysis of the fictional matrix vis-à-vis the revolutions, four of the representative novels, two for each colonizer and colonized, have been selected. Louis Tracy’s The Red Year (1907) and Bernard Cornwell’s The Fort (2010) represent the English colonial discourse. For representation of the perspectives of the postcolonial nations, The Sun behind the Cloud (2001) by Basavaraj Naikar, the Indian anglophone novel, and The Glorious Cause (2002) by Jeff Shaara, the American one, have been taken. The selected bellicose novels have been approached from the postcolonial perspective coupled with the relevant new-historicist postulates. Although Postcolonialism and New Historicism include non-literary – history, journalism, politics, official archives and much more – alongside the literary, the researcher has eschewed the former and delimited focus on the latter. The study of the intriguing concatenation of fictional narratives has exposed how colonial fictional discourse has maneuvered to provide an epistemic rationale to its encroachments and how postcolonial fiction writers have recorded their remonstrance against the lopsided colonial discourse. The textual analysis has identified the unbridgeable breaches and unfathomable fissures between the factional visions and fictional versions of the colonizer and the colonized. The teleological trajectory ratifies that these fictional narratives are not honest histories, rather the apocryphal accounts, political prognostication, ideological inferences, racist reverberations, and fallacious fantasies. The study has uncovered the inherent parochialism under the guise of universalism, recalcitrance in the semblance of generosity, and heterogeneity under the discursive cocoon of historical homogeneity. The similarities and differences between the American and Indian postcolonialisms have also been identified by juxtaposing the representative fictional narratives of the wars. Despite the marginal differences, the literary representations of the revolutions have the fundamental nexus, that is, the anti-colonial aura. Furthermore, the discriminatory discontinuity in the British rhetoric has been brought to the limelight: the essentialist approach for the Indians and tolerance and ambivalent tentativeness accompanied by the expression of affiliation towards the Americans. However, the Native Americans not only share their name with the Indians but also the state of being discursively vilified by the British. The peripheral alternative literary voices of the dissidents, who remain the least heard raconteurs amidst the collective politicized buzz, have been ignored due to delimited ambit of the study. Summarily, the fetish fallacy of focusing fiction as a transcendental literary discourse encompassing humanity in totality and the monolithic metanarratives of universality of literary representations have been disrupted as their latent and manifest ideological, national, and political anchorages have been explored and exposed. Thus, the research is going to have an augmentative impact on understanding of the students and researchers in the field of historical fiction, war writings, postcolonialism, new historicism, and discourse studies.