حدیث کے انسائیکلوپیڈیا اور ان کا تعارف

Since the inception of the ancient era, it has been the utmost trial of scholars related to every field of knowledge that they could save the knowledge of various fields. For meeting the purpose of saving, different tasks had been done in different periods, but, the most appreciating one is the preparation of an encyclopedia. In every era, different encyclopedias of different arts have been designed. Although the processes in Islamic studies remained to continue and various encyclopedias in the Islamic studies were prepared in which the encyclopedia of hadith is the most popular. Therefore, the compilation of hadith has begun from the 3rd Islamic century and a large number of muhadiseen have rendered their best services in this field and represented Hadith and books related to all arts, but, along with that a very important task was to assemble all books of Hadith at one place so that no one may get in trouble to find the Hadith, but it was a hard nut to crack that is why Allah has chosen such scholars who have compiled all the Hadith with their untiring efforts out of them the topmost in the list are: Jama-al-Joma, Kanzal-al-Amal, Almusand-al-Jamia, Mosoaa, Jamiat-ul-ahadees-al-zaeefa wal-mozooat, and almudavina-tul-Jamia are included.

Magneto-Optical Properties of Topological Insulators and Kondo Effects in Quantum Dots

This thesis has two parts, based on work carried out during my PhD. The first part comprises discussion of magneto-optical properties of ultra thin films of topological insulators (TI) with broken inversion symmetry. We explore the magneto-optical properties of thin film topological insulators (TFTI). Topological insulators are materials with insulating bulk and symmetry protected gapless surface states. In the TIs we consider, spin-Orbit Interaction (SOI) inverts valence and conduction bands and gapless surface states appear as the bulk gap closes at the interface of a topological insulator with conventional insulator. We study the magneto-optical response of ultrathin films of topological insulators in the presence of an external magnetic field with hybridization and broken inversion symmetry. We find that inversion symmetry breaking results in Landau level crossings and opening of additional optical transition channels. Inversion symmetry can be broken due to interaction with a substrate or electrical gating. A phase transition from normal to topological insulating phase occurs by tuning system parameters with measureable signatures in static (dc) and dynamic (optical) conductivity. Moreover, we find that the optical Hall conductivity plateaus remain robust against a significant range of disorder strength. In the second part we discuss Kondo effect in a complex Quantum Dot (QD) in the presence SOI and analyze its influence on fixed points and Kondo temperature. We model a quantum dot (QD) in the Coulomb blockade regime with two localized orbitals connected to two external leads with SOI in the leads. The lead electrons couple to the dot state in different angular momentum modes in the presence of SOI. We develop an effective Hamiltonian for the system and study the multiparameter RG flows by renormalization group analysis in the weak coupling regime. Previous studies have shown that in the absence of SOI for odd electrons in the dot SU(4) and SU(2) Kondo fixed points are stable and for even electrons a universal stable fixed point exists. We determine the fixed points in the presence of SOI. We determine the Kondo temperature by numerically solving the RG equations and show that the Kondo temperature is enhanced by the SOI.