Template matching is frequently used in Digital Image Processing, Machine Vision, Remote Sensing and Pattern Recognition, and a large number of template matching algorithms have been proposed in literature. The performance of these algorithms may be evaluated from the perspective of accuracy as well as computational complex- ity. Algorithm designers face a tradeoff between these two desirable characteristics; often, fast algorithms lack robustness and robust algorithms are computationally ex- pensive. The basic problem we have addressed in this thesis is to develop fast as well as robust template matching algorithms. From the accuracy perspective, we choose correlation coefficient to be the match measure because it is robust to linear intensity varia- tions often encountered in practical problems. To ensure computational efficiency, we choose bound based computation elimination approaches because they allow high speed up without compromising accuracy. Most existing elimination algorithms are based on simple match metrics such as Sum of Squared Differences and Sum of Ab- solute Differences. For correlation coefficient, which is a more robust match measure, very limited efforts have been done to develop efficient elimination schemes. The main contribution of this thesis is the development of two different categories of bound based computation elimination algorithms for correlation coefficient based fast template matching. We have named the algorithms in the first category as Transitive Elimination Algorithms (Mahmood and Khan, 2007b, 2008, 2010), because these are based on transitive bounds on correlation coefficient. In these algorithms, before computing correlation coefficient, we compute bounds from neighboring search locations based on transitivity. The locations where upper bounds are less than the current known maximum are skipped from computations, as they can never become the best match location. As the percentage of skipped search locations increases, the template matching process becomes faster. Empirically, we have demonstrated speedups of up to an order of magnitude compared to existing fast algorithms without compromising accuracy. The overall speedup depends on the tightness of transitive bounds, which in turn is dependent on the strength of autocorrelation between nearby locations. Although high autocorrelation, required for efficiency of transitive algorithms, is present in many template matching applications, it may not be guaranteed in gen- eral. We have developed a second category of bound based computation elimination algorithms, which are more generic and do not require specific image statistics, such as high autocorrelation. We have named this category as Partial Correlation Elimina- tion algorithms (Mahmood and Khan, 2007a, 2011). These algorithms are based on a monotonic formulation of correlation coefficient. In this formulation, at a particular search location, correlation coefficient monotonically decreases as consecutive pixels are processed. As soon as the value of partial correlation becomes less than the cur- rent known maximum, the remaining computations are skipped. If a high magnitude maximum is found at the start of the search process, the amount of skipped compu- tations significantly increases, resulting in high speed up of the template matching process. In order to locate a high maximum at the start of search process, we have developed novel initialization schemes which are effective for small and medium sized templates. For commonly used template sizes, we have demonstrated that PCE al- gorithms out-perform existing algorithms by a significant margin. Beyond the main contribution of developing elimination algorithms for correlation, two extensions of the basic theme of this thesis have also been explored. The first direction is to extend elimination schemes for object detection. To this end, we have shown that the detection phase of an AdaBoost based edge corner detector (Mahmood, 2007; Mahmood and Khan, 2009) can be significantly speeded up by adapting elimination strategies to this problem. In the second direction we prove that in video encoders, if motion estimation is done by maximization of correlation coefficient and motion compensation is done by first order linear estimation, the vari- ance of the residue signal will always be less than the existing motion compensation schemes (Mahmood et al., 2007). This result may potentially be used to increase compression of video signal as compared to the current techniques. The fast corre- lation strategies, proposed in this thesis, may be coupled with this result to develop correlation-based video encoders, having low computational cost.
Aims of Study: To compare the level of burnout among the academic and clinical physical therapists.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted from August 2019 to January 2020. Data was collected from physical therapists working in the universities and hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Data was collected from 278 participants. Maslach burnout inventory scale was used to measure the level of burnout which was analyzed using SPSS statistics 21.
Results: The mean value of emotional exhaustion for clinical physical therapists was 20.02 ± 8.08 and for academic physical therapist was 18.6 ± 6.57 with significant p value (p˂0.05). The mean value for depersonalization for clinical physical therapists was 9.22 ± 5.17 and for academic 9.29 ± 5.07 with significant p value (p˂0.05). The mean value of personal accomplishment for clinical physical therapists and academic physical therapists was 35.43 ± 7.715 and 35.74 ± 6.49 respectively with non-significant p value (p˃0.05).
Limitations and Future Implications: It was conducted for specific time period which not record the overall or yearly impact of burnout on participants. So time lapse and longitudinal study should be done.
Originality: The clinical physical therapists have increased level of burnout than academic physical therapists.
Conclusion: The clinical physical therapists have increased level of burnout than academic physical therapists.
Aspergillus carbonarius (NRRL–369) and Aspergillus oryzae from Aspergillus genus as well as Cladosporium carrionii and Cladosporium resinae (NRRL–6437) from Cladosporium genus were selected for the present study. Nutrient media were optimized for the growth and production of secondary metabolites. Out of five different media used, A. carbonarius and A. oryzae produced relatively more metabolites in Czapek–dox (Glucose and Starch) broth media (CGSB). Whereas; C. carrionii and C. resinae produced relatively more metabolites in Czapek yeast extracts broth (CYB). To further increase secondary metabolites productivity, two additional chemical compounds (suberoyl anilide hydroxamic acid; SAHA and 5–azacytidine; 5–AZA) were also used as chemical inducers for all fungi except C. carrionii. A dose of 10 μM/100 mL of SAHA resulted in higher secondary metabolites production from Aspergillus species and 15 μM/100 mL of SAHA resulted in higher secondary metabolites production from C. resinae. While a dose 15 μM/100 mL of 5–AZA resulted in higher secondary metabolites production from all the species. Secondary metabolites produced were then studied for its respective biological activities. In antibacterial assay a dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from A. carbonarius inhibited the growth of B. subtilis (64.5%), while for antifungal testing a dose of 1000 μg/mL ethyl acetate extract inhibited the linear growth of C. glabrata (58.5%). Whereas, in cytotoxic activities, dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 94% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose 1000 μg/mL showed 90% mortality against Lemna. A dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from A. oryzae inhibited the growth of B. subtilis (94%), while for antifungal testing, a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ABSTRACT xxi ethyl acetate extract inhibited the linear growth of M. Canis (84%). Whereas, in cytotoxic activities a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 52% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 67% mortality against Lemna. Furthermore, during the antibacterial assay a dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from C. carrionii inhibited the growth of B. subtilis (66%), while for antifungal testing a dose of 1000 μg/mL ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of C. albicans (60%). Whereas, in cytotoxic activities a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract showed 87% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose of 1000 μg/mL ethyl acetate extract showed 80% mortality against Lemna. Finally during the antibacterial assay a dose of 500 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extracted from C. resinae inhibited the growth of S. aureus (81%), while for antifungal testing a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of A. flavus (15%), while in cytotoxic activities a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate showed 93% mortality against brine shrimps, while for phytotoxic activities, a dose of 1000 μg/mL of ethyl acetate showed 80% mortality against Lemna. The biological activities indicates that, the extracts from A. oryzae and C. carrionii inhibited the growth of experimental organisms with greater extent as compared to A. carbonarius and C. resinae; therefore, A. oryzae and C. carrionii were further selected for the isolation of pure metabolites. A total of three new and four known metabolites were isolated. Two new metabolites were isolated from A. oryzae while one new and four known metabolites were isolated from C. carrionii using preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and column chromatography techniques. The structures of all the compounds isolated were ABSTRACT xxii elucidated using (1D and 2D) NMR, IR and HR–MS techniques. The new metabolites were 6–butyl–3–methylene–2–oxotetrahydro–2H–pyran–4–carboxylic acid (A–41), 6–butyl–3–methylene–2–oxo–3,6–dihydro–2H–pyran–4–carboxylic acid (A–42) and (3S,6S)–3–allyl–6–benzylpiperazine–2,5–dione (D–44) whereas, the known metabolites were 5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one (C–43), 6–(3– methylbut–2–enyl)–1H–indole–3–carboxylic acid (45), 2-(4,6-dihydroxy-3-oxo-1,3- dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl) acetic acid (46) and 2-(4-hydroxy-1,3- dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl) acetic acid (47). The two new metabolites (A–41 and B–42) from A. oryzae were selected for the determination of their biosynthetic pathways using [1– 13C] labelled acetate. The [1– 13C] labelled acetate was added to the media on 4th, 5th and 6th days respectively. After the feeding of isotopic [1– 13C] labelled acetate as precursor, the labelled metabolites were isolated using HPLC and the pattern of their incorporation were determined using high field NMR. The basic idea of the present work was to isolate biologically active secondary metabolite(s) from fungi and to produce good quality of antibiotics for the welfare of the society.