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Computational Intelligence Based Secure Clustering Techniques for Vehicular Adhoc Networks

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Ishtiaq, Atif

Program

PhD

Institute

Iqra National University

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Wireless Communications

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11753/1/Atif%20Ishtiaq%20CS%202019%20Iqra%20national%20peshwar%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727718403

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VANETs, an application of MANETs, enable ITS using IEEE 802.11p standard which is in favor of DSRC specifically designed for WAVE scenario. VANETs establish communication among vehicles (V2V) and road side infrastructure (V2I); while V2I communication using IEEE 802.11a/b/g standard. In VANETs vehicles, road side entities disseminate FSAMs about road conditions and other vital circumstances to ensure safety and avoid losses of precious lives and property. As in VANETs system vehicles move with high speed, so due to high mobility environment and topology also changes with time. In VANETs system accurate and on time delivery/reception of FSAMs is highly important to withstand against maliciously inserted security threats affectively. Hence, there is no optimum routing protocols which ensure on time delivery of FSAMs to destination. Due to frequent alteration in VANETs topology path failure, inter vehicle distance change and malicious node penetration may also result. So absolutely optimum protocols for secured delivery of packets exchange is still challenging. Clustering for VANETs is extremely beneficial but stability of existing clustering algorithms for VANETs exhibit poor robustness due to their dynamic nature. In this thesis, a new clustering algorithm is presented for VANETs by the name of moth flame optimization-driven, reproducing the social behavior and hunting approach of moth flames in designing proficient clusters. Due to the random range of VANETs, stability is a major area of research which has gained much attention. The main idea of presented algorithm is extracted from the living routine of moth flames. Presented algorithm permits well-organized communication by generating the amplified number of clusters and their unsupervised working make it as intelligent. Intelligent Clustering using Moth Flame Optimization (ICMFO) scheme is accomplished for determining and optimizing the clustering issues in VANETs; the primary focus of which is to enhance the stability in such networks. ICMFO is then validated by comparison with two other existing variants of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), i-e; Multiple-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Comprehensive Learning PSO (CLPSO) and one existing scheme of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) known as Ant Colony Optimization Based clustering algorithm for VANET (CACONET). Simulation results demonstrate that ICMFO is providing optimal results in comparison to existing techniques. It is also cleared from the proposed work results of different researchers, that there is no such protocols that is best suited for clustering as well as security implication in VANETs. Different routing schemes have different conduct performance metrics. In our thesis we concentrated and inspected different routing protocols. We have also presented a new security based scheme named ARV2V; and compared its results with existing techniques which are Trust and Logistic Trust in terms of TCE, EED, ALD and NRO. The scheme has presented security implication in our clustering based scheme ICMFO. In terms of TCE, ARV2V is 11.6% and 7.3% efficient than LT and Trust respectively. In terms of EED, we found ARV2V 57.6% performance 5.2% better than LT, also Trust schemes met 52.4% more delay than LT.Similarly, in term of ALD ARV2V provides 29.7% and 7.8% more stable link duration than Trust and LT respectively, however LT has 21.9% proficient ALD than Trust. ARV2V protocol have 27.5% and 14% lesser load than Trust and LT respectively in terms of NRO, while Trust has approximately 13% more NRO than LT.
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جابر علی سید

جابر علی سید
جابر علی سید(۱۹۲۳ئ۔۱۹۸۵ئ) سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۴۲ء میں ادیب فاضل کیا اور بنگلور چلے گئے۔ جہاں اپنے بھائی تراب علی کے ساتھ انگریزوں کو اردوپڑھاتے رہے۔ عالمی جنگ ختم ہونے کے بعد سیالکوٹ چلے آئے۔۱۹۴۷ء میں اورینٹل کالج سے فارسی میں ایم۔اے کیا۔ اس کالج میں آپ نے ڈاکٹر سید عبداللہ اور صوفی تبسم جیسے اساتذہ سے کسبِ فیض کیا۔ ۱۹۵۳ء میںگورنمنٹ کالج جھنگ میں فارسی کے لیکچرار مقرر ہوئے۔(۷۹۷)
جابر علی سید ایک اچھے شاعر، ادیب، نقاد ،محقق ،ماہر لسانیات و عروض اور مشفق متواضع اُستاد تھے۔ جابر علی سید کی وفات کے بعد حمید اختر فائق نے ان کے شعری مجموعے کو ’’موجِ آہنگ ‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۹۹ء میں مرتب کر کے شائع کیا۔
جابر علی سید کے دور کے شعرا صنفِ نظم میں شاعری کر رہے تھے۔ آزاد شاعری کے لیے نئے نئے تجربات کیے جارہے تھے۔ جابر نے بھی نظم میں خیالات و افکار کو ڈھالنا شروع کر دیا تھا۔ نظم کے ساتھ آپ نے غزل کو بھی اپنایا۔ آپ غزل کی فطری دلکشی ،اس کی اہمیت و افادیت سے پوری طرح واقف تھے۔اس لیے آپ نے غزل گوئی کو ذریعہ اظہار بنایا۔ ان کی پہلی غزل ادبی دنیا میں شائع ہوئی۔(۷۹۸)آپ نے اردو غزل میں ہیئت اور بحر کے نئے نئے تجربے کیے۔ اس لیے کہ آپ علم عروض سے دلچسپی رکھتے تھے۔ آپ نے اردو میں بعض بحروں کو روشناس کروایا۔ آپ نے اپنی غزلوں میں نئے الفاظ، نئے محاورے اور نئی ترکیبیں استعمال کیں۔ اُن کی غزلوں میں اُن کی شخصیت کی بہت سی داخلی کیفیات اور ان کے شعور و لا شعور میں اٹھنے والے ہنگاموں اور طوفانوں کا ذکرملتا ہے۔انھوں نے اپنی شاعری میں زبان کی صفائی ،شائستگی اور عمدگی پر پوری توجہ دی۔ جب وہ مروجہ لفظوں کے ساتھ ساتھ نئی تراکیب اور شعری ترنم...

Epiphyseal Fusion of Iliac Crests in Male and Female Adolescents: An Age Estimation Criterion

Background: Determination of age depends upon physical examination, dental assessment, and skeletal evaluation. The radiological examination of bone for appearance and fusion of ossification centers helps in the assessment of skeletal maturity as the process occurs in a particular sequence which is almost constant for that particular bone. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the age of fusion of iliac crest by radiological examination of subjects of age bracket 17-25 years coming to Shalamar Hospital Lahore Methods: In this cross-sectional study, radiological examinations (Digital X-Rays) were performed to evaluate the fusion of Iliac Crest in 200 subjects of both genders of 17 – 25 years. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 23. Conclusions were drawn and compared with available results of previous work done in this field. Results: Out of 200 subjects, there were 132 males (66 %) and 68 females (34%). The mean ± SD age of both genders was 20.41± 2.55. There were 93 cases (70.45%) of complete fusion among males, showing 100 % union in the age groups of 21-25 years, while 40 cases (58.83%) of complete union among females were observed during 20-25 year of age groups. The mean ± SD age of complete union for males was 20.67± 2.61 years and for females 19.90 ± 2.38 years, with a significant p value of <0.05. Similarly, a statistically significant difference was observed among people of different socio-economic statuses. No difference was observed among different ethnic groups. Conclusions: The fusion of the iliac crest is not affected by ethnicity. Factors like diet and nutrition directly affect bone growth and hence bone age. More studies should be conducted across the country to formulate a standard in setting up a uniform criterion for assessing the age of adolescents

Geographic Variation of Helicoverpa Armigera Hubner Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Susceptibility to Cry Toxins in Bt Cotton, in Punjab Pakistan

Bt transgenic cotton, being a vital part of pest management effectively controls the target pest, Helicoverpa armigera. However, the success of Bt technology depends on the persistent vulnerability of target pests to Bt insecticidal protein The results of field studies exhibited a parallel trend of H. armigera egg laying in all six cultivars whereas larval incidence found minimum in dual toxin genotype followed by single Bt genotypes (FH-118 followed by FH-Lalazar, MNH-886 and FH-142, respectively) and maximum on non-Bt (FH-942) at Faisalabad, Multan and Bahawalpur during both study years. The baseline susceptibility of H. armigera larvae conducted in 2013, showed LC50 ranging from 0.123 to 1.026 µg ml-1, 0.148 to 1.675 µg ml-1 and 0.210 to 2.761 µg ml-1, against 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae respectively to susceptible and field collected populations (Faisalabad, Multan and Bahawalpur). These results gave an indication that Bahawalpur population was found 8.34, 11.32 and 14.71-fold resistant, followed by Multan (5.54, 7.44 and 8.99 fold) and Faisalabad population (4.08, 4.88 and 5.23 fold), for 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae respectively in comparison with susceptible population. The MIC50 was 0.003 to 0.006 µg ml-1, 0.009 to 0.088 µg ml-1 and 0.014 to 0.206 µg ml-1 for 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae respectively. whereas highest number of BWP population survived and showed resistance (23.33, 9.77 and 14.71-fold), MLT (10.67, 5.88 and 6.21) and FSD (6.67, 2.44 and 2.71 fold). This lethal concentration increased gradually and similar trend were found during 2014. In case of detached plant bioassay, 1st and 2nd instar larvae were found to be more susceptible and highest mortality was recorded on different plants parts of CEMB33 (leaves > square > flower > bolls), compared with single Bt cotton genotypes (FH-118 > FH-Lalazar > MNH-886 > FH-142, respectively). All 1st and 2nd instar larvae were unable to pupate. The order of mortality was: susceptible > Faisalabad > Multan > Bahawalpur. In case of bioassay on 3rd, 4th and 5th instar, the percent mortality and female longevity was consistently decreased whereas the pupation, adult emergence, fecundity and male longevity was consistently increased. The data also indicated that 1st instar neonate died (i.e. 100% cumulative mortality) after one day, three days and six days when assayed by 4, 1 and 0.25 µg ml-1 toxin respectively. However, maximum survival was recorded when neonate assayed at 25ᴼC followed by 45, 30, 35 and 40ᴼC, in case of all preceding concentrations (0.063, 0.016 and 0.004). The pupation (%), adult emergence (%), pupal weight (mg), larval and pupal duration (days) was recorded maximum at 25ᴼC followed by 45, 30, 35 and 40ᴼC. The Relative Enhanced Toxicity Factor was increased gradually and consistently up to 40ᴼC but decreased suddenly when assayed at 45ᴼC, in case of LC50 and LC90 estimation.The results of asymmetric fluctuation indicated that right side of tibia, fore wing and hind wing length was larger than the left side. However, the susceptible population possess minimum length of tibia, fore wing and hind wing than population of Faisalabad, Multan and Bahawalpur. The data showed that all the morphological traits including FMR ratio was found maximum from Bahawalpur population followed by Multan, Faisalabad and susceptible population.