This work presented in the thesis pertains to the design of a pilot plant based on new blasting explosives developed from decanted Trinitrotoluene (TNT). Disposal of life-expired and unwanted munitions is a great challenge across the globe. In the past, these unserviceable explosives were disposed of through conventional disposal techniques such as Open Burning/ Open Detonation (OB/OD), sea dumping, underground demolition, incineration and biological degradation. Production of poisonous and toxic gases such as NOx, COx, etc. during these disposal techniques have always been a great concern for Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Besides, labour cost for the preparation of disposal pits, fuel requirement for shifting of explosives to munition disposal sites and use of large quantities of serviceable explosives during disposal of these unwanted munitions makes these techniques most uneconomical, unsafe and unfriendly for the environment. In order to curtail all these practices, decanting of explosives through decanting plant were carried out for different munitions. All decanted explosives, particularly decanted TNT, were disposed of further through open air burning. In the present research work, efforts have been made to reutilize the decanted TNT. For this purpose, various ingredients such as oxidizers, stabilizers and additional fuels have been added to the decanted TNT to convert it into viable blasting explosive compositions. Laboratory scale experiments using decanted TNT and other ingredients such as calcium ammonium nitrate (CaAN), commercial grade wax and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) have been carried out to make different blasting compositions. All the newly formulated compositions were characterized through different analytical techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry/ Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to study their morphological and thermal cum kinetic properties. Simultaneously, Horowitz and Metzger method is used for calculation of activation energy (Ea) and enthalpy of different samples. Once all compositions were certified for their future use, velocities of detonation (VOD) measurements were conducted. Besides, stability tests, the density of all these compositions were also measured. In order to translate the laboratory scale compositions into useable blasting explosives, a pilot scale plant has been designed using PTC-Creo Parametric 3D modeling software. Similarly, simulation of the design was carried out through Aspen Plus® V8.4 simulation software. Based on the successful simulation and design results, a state-of-the-art, safe, feasible and environment friendly semi-automatic pilot scale plant has been fabricated and installed for the conversion of decanted explosive into blasting explosives for civil and military applications. Main components of the plant include double jacketed mixing drums, brass-made mashing roller, 5 Horse Power (HP) motor, vertical gear box and fume discharging unit having explosives production capacity of about 10kg/ hour per batch. All the safety parameters required during manufacture, filling and formulation of explosives have been ensured to avoid any untoward situation. Functional test of this plant was performed using dummy explosive materials having almost similar compositions. Subsequently, blasting explosive samples were produced utilizing decanted TNT and other suitable ingredients. To ascertain their performance, VOD tests of all newly formulated blasting explosives have been performed. It is worth mentioning that the resultant VOD of all the samples fall between 2600-4400 m/s which makes it the most suitable product for use in blasting applications such as mining, quarrying, underwater blasting, etc. In a nutshell, the present research work not only provides an opportunity for riskfree reutilization of decanted TNT where new products are easily manufactured, cheap in cost and safe in handling; but EPA concerns regarding emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere are also amicably addressed through reutilization of unwanted TNT that will ultimately enhance Carbon Credit Ratings of Pakistan around the globe.
آہ جواہر لال ہندوستان کی عظمت کا آفتاب غروب ہوگیا جس نازک وقت کا خطرہ کروڑوں دلوں کو مضطرب کیے رہتا تھا بالآخر پیش آکر رہا اور جو آواز تقریباً نصف صدی تک ہندوستان کے در و دیوار میں گونجتی رہی ہمیشہ کے لیے خاموش ہوگئی وہ حیات آفریں جس نے ہندوستان کی مردہ رگوں میں زندگی کی روح پھونکی، خود موت کے آغوش میں سوگیا۔ وہ آفتاب جس کی ضیاباریوں نے نہ صرف ہندوستان کو منور کیا بلکہ دوسرے ملکوں تک اس کی روشنی پھیلی، ۲۷؍ مئی کو عین دوپہر کے وقت ہمیشہ کے لیے غروب ہوگیا۔ پنڈت جواہر لال کی موت ایسا حادثہ نہیں جس کو زمانہ کی گردش بھلاسکے، ان کا جسم گوخاک میں مل چکا ہے لیکن ان کی روح ہندوستان میں ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گی اور اس کے ذر ے ذرے پر ان کا نام ثبت رہے گا۔ وہ آزاد ہندوستان ہی کے بانی اور اس کے معمار نہ تھے، بلکہ پورے ایشیا کی آبرو اور دنیا کی عظیم شخصیتوں میں تھے، ہندوستان نے اب تک جتنی بڑی شخصیتیں پیدا کیں ان میں بعض قدیم مذہبی پیشواؤں کو چھوڑ کر پنڈت جواہر لال کا درجہ سب میں بلند تھا، انھوں نے نصف صدی تک ہندوستان کی مسلسل اور ان تھک خدمت کی، وہ جنگ آزادی کے سپہ سالار بھی تھے، آزاد ہندوستان کے معمار بھی اور اس کے محبوب لیڈر بھی، اس لیے انھوں نے دلوں پر حکمرانی کی اور کل سترہ سال میں جو قوموں اور ملکوں کی عمر کے لحاظ سے نہایت قلیل مدت ہے، ہندوستان کا درجہ ساری دنیا میں بلند کردیا۔ پنڈت جواہر لال کی جیسی تاریخ ساز شخصیتیں صدیوں میں پیدا ہوتی ہیں اور اپنا نام صفحہ عالم پر ہمیشہ کے لیے ثبت کرجاتی ہیں، ان میں جتنے اوصاف جمع تھے مشکل ہی سے کسی ایک انسان...
Legitimation among scholars, since they fall to category of hadith dho’if (weak). Therefrom, several scholars argued that we might use them for hujjah mutlaq (absolute argumentation), while some others said it might be wiser not to use them at all. Yet there is also another opinion which said it could be used under special conditions. Based on this, this study aims to uncover and shed light the disagreements above scientifically, as well as to find he differences and the influence of the jurisprudence of law-making (fiqh). Then, the researchers sought to raise a strong opinion based on the arguments presented in the thesis, so which the researchers and or anyone who wants to practice the Hadith may find helpful.
A fairly exhaustive survey of morphological characters on the material from Pakistan, India and from several other sites in Asia, have revealed that the morphological variability of the species in Pakistan falls within that of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and it is recommended that, until the DNA studies currently being undertaken in the United States are completed, the name P. solenopsis Tinsley(Sternorryncha: Pseudococcidae)should be used for this pest. It is an aerial pest and passes all of its life cycle on aerial parts of the host plats, on tender shoots, leaves, flower buds and even on stem. It has been noted to reproduce sexually. Its mode of reproduction is ovoviviparous ie. it retains the eggs in the body until they are ready to hatch. Number of crawlers is variable and depends upon source of food and environmental conditions. Its life cycle is variable with response to changing environmental conditions, availability of preferred host and its physical health. It is dimorphic insect having a winged male and wingless female. The crawlers can be identified for their sex with a very careful examination under microscope but after second instar the male can be identified with naked eye as the female moults into 3 rd instar whereas, males transforms into prepupa. It is most active earlier instars and most of the dispersal occurs through initial instars. The number of eggs developing in one female is variable depending upon the type of the host plant. Newly emerged crawlers are capable of moving and feeding freely. The newly crawler are tiny (0.5 mm) and relatively transparent, therefore they can hardly be observed with an overview except a careful observation. In 1-2 days size is increased and wax is deposited on the body which increases its visibility. It has been recorded on 55 host plants in 18 families. In addition to cotton tract it has also been recorded in other districts. It has been observed in 20 districts of Punjab, 14 districts of Sindh, one district each from NWFP and Baluchistan, in 6 out of 10 agro ecological zones of Pakistan. These districts have been confirmed by the author, still there are some districts and localities which are prone to the occurrence of this pest. This pest can find a large number of alternate host plants in agro ecological conditions of Pakistan. A number of beneficial insects and spiders have been observed feeding on the pest but these are xviiiwiped out by the indiscriminate spraying process adopted to protect the crops. Relative resistance of the present 10 cotton cultivars shows that they are nearly equal in their response towards infestation of cotton mealy bug Psolenopsis none of them is resistant to this pest. The relative efficacy of the insecticides shows that the pesticides used fall in the following sequence after 72 hours of the application; Methidathion> Profenophos > Methomyl > Imidacloprid > Carbosulfon > Bifenthrin > Acetameprid > Fenpropathrin >Buprofezin > Control. Any how for safety to benificials the sequence was reverse ie., Control> buprofezin> Imidacloprid> Methomyl> Fenpropathrin > Bifenthrin> Acetameprid> Profenophos> Methidathion. The research trial for optimum quantity of spray volume showed that 100 & 120 liters water used in one acre (43560 sq ft) was the optimum volume, more than this was also good but less than this volume resulted in low control as there was no proper coverage of the spray material on the target pest and the pest escaped and resulted in build up of population again. Similarly,it was revealed that there is no additional effect of the additives like detergent, vegetable oil and mineral oil in the spray material, which were recommended as hit and trial from various agencies and persons, rather it affected the plant health so it should be avoided.