Air conditioning has become an integral part of buildings due to climate change and global warming. About 55% of the world electricity is being consumed by the building sector with around 20% share of cooling only. Currently, the air-conditioning demand is mostly fulfilled by the vapor compression systems based on CFCs and HFCs as refrigerants causing ozone layer depletion. Therefore, the evident solution is the renewable energy based eco-friendly airconditioning systems such as efficient evaporative cooling techniques, solar thermal energy driven desiccant cooling systems. However, desiccant air conditioning systems with conventional evaporative coolers are characterized by low COP and also have certain performance limitations in humid climates. Therefore, an integration of efficient systems and components is required to develop energy efficient configurations capable to separately handle sensible and latent loads. It would result in better system performance to achieve the desired comfort conditions in subtropical and humid climates. In the current work, two integrated solar assisted desiccant cooling system configurations; (1) solar desiccant integrated Maisotsenko cycle (SDI-MC), and (2) solar desiccant integrated vapor absorption system (SDI-VAS) are experimentally evaluated for selecting an efficient system configuration compared to conventional standalone desiccant air-conditioning (DAC) system. Initially, an array of solar thermal source is evaluated by integrating flat plate collectors with evacuated tubes and parabolic trough collectors to overcome its heat losses. The main performance parameters include solar energy gain, efficiency, and solar fraction of the system. Secondly, a desiccant wheel that is a key component of the desiccant cooling system is theoretically and experimentally analysed to determine the effect of key operating parameters such as regeneration temperature, wheel rotational speed along with air inlet temperature and humidity. Afterwards, a cross flow Maisotsenko cycle (MC) indirect evaporative cooler is designed and developed for integration with the solid desiccant cooling system instead of direct evaporative cooler. For the system configurations analysis, SDI-MC configuration is developed first by integrating MC cooler on supply side of DAC. Similarly, SDI-VAS configuration is developed by integrating gas fired absorption system with DAC. Both configurations are experimentally evaluated under a wide range of operating conditions including air inlet temperature, air inlet humidity, and regeneration temperature. The performance evaluation parameters include thermal COP, dehumidification effectiveness, and cooling capacity. After comparison it was determined that SDI-MC system resulted in better performance than other configurations. Therefore, the SDI-MC configuration is further analysed under actual transient subtropical climate conditions of Taxila, Pakistan. The analysis consists of solar fraction, auxiliary energy share, efficiency of solar source, thermal COP, and cooling capacity for selected days of three different months i.e. May, June, and July. Subsequently, an office building model is developed in TRNBuild to generate hourly dynamic air-conditioning loads. Then simulation models of the SDI-MC and traditional DAC are developed in TRNSYS and validated with experimental data. The building model is incorporated in the simulation models of SDI-MC, and DAC. Finally, the overall SDI-MC model is optimized by coupling TRNSYS with GenOpt. The simulation based optimization is performed by considering COP, and solar energy gain of the system as cost functions using Hook Jeeves algorithm. Afterwards, the optimized SDI-MC model is subjected to seasonal transient energy analysis in subtropical climate condition of Taxila Pakistan. Finally, the life cycle cost analysis (LCC) is performed. The experimental results revealed that both SDI-MC and SDI-VAS can provide comfort conditions even at low regeneration temperature of 70°C. However, SDI-MC results in higher thermal COP ranging from 0.45 to 0.81. Similarly, the efficiency of solar thermal source ranges from 25% to 70% for hybrid array with evacuated tube collector and 20% to 60% for hybrid array with parabolic trough collector. Similarly, transient seasonal results revealed that monthly average thermal COP of the SDI-MC ranges from 0.57 to 1. Whereas, the COP of the traditional system ranges from 0.37 to 0.71. Therefore, efficiency enhancement of the SDI-MC is 43% to 47%
2۔قتل شبہ عمد اگر کسی شخص نے کسی کے چھوٹی لکڑی ماری یا چھوٹا پتھر مارا یا اس کے جسم میں کوئی چیز چبھودی یا اور کوئی عمل کیا جس کے کرنے سے عام طور پر آدمی مرتا نہیں لیکن اس کے باوجود وہ مرگیا تو اس میں قصاص لازم نہیں آئے گا ۔ قاتل کی مدد گار برادری پر دیت لازم ہوگی اور یہ قتل شبہ عمد کہلائے گا۔
Qur’an and prophetic traditions (Hadith) are the fundamental sources of Islam. Muslims believe that Qur’an is the word of God (Allah). Hadith (Prophet’s Sayings, actions and silent approvals and disapprovals for something) likewise is based on divine revelation. Qur’an affirms also this view: (God says) Your Companion (Muhammad) has neither gone astray nor has erred. Nor does He speak of (his own) desire. It is only a Revelation revealed. Al-Qur’an (53: 2-4). Allah Almighty Himself took the responsibility to guard His word (the Qur’an): (He says: ) verily, We, it is We Who have sent down the Dhikr (i.e. The Qur’an) and surely, We will got it (from corruption). (Al-Qur’an: 15: 9) on the contrary the responsibility to guard the prophetic traditions (Hadith) was put on the shoulders on the Muslim Ūmmah. The scholars of Islam (ʽulāmʼs) try their utmost to collect and save the Prophetic traditions and guard it from any alteration. To achieve this purpose, they introduced different hadith sciences to distinguished between the true and the fabricated hadith. The authentic Sunnah is contained within the vast body of Hadith literature. Different scholars have compiled the books which contain a large numbers of Ahadith, one of them is ʼimam Taḥāwi. In this article we will discuss the ʼimam Taḥāwi approach towards “Ahadith” in his book Mushkil ul Āathʼar.
Hepatitis C was called ?vigorous time explode? because it can extend rapidly and silently and
disturbing more than 200 million people all over the world every year. According to some
recent researches, in Pakistan, almost 10 million peoples were affected by HCV. The
occurrence of hepatitis differs from country to country and varies among discrete areas of the
same country. The major cause of increased HCV prevalence among the Pakistani was the
reuse of injected syringes, unrestricted blood transfusions, and attentiveness. Activation of
these TLRs may contribute to the inflammatory destruction caused by HCV. It had been
shown recently that, HCV targets the TLR3 pathway to aid in immune evasion. TLR3 was
only one of four viral recognition receptors placed within the endosome and it was plausible
that HCV may target others. The aim of this research is to seek out the causes of HCC
development in HCV patients of Pakistan.
To pursue this research study, 200 blood samples of HCV patients were collected from the
DHQ hospital of Okara city. Then blood samples of HCV were undergone through the DNA
extraction process, which was the initial step and most basic step for this analysis, later Gel
Electrophoresis was completed form size and excellence of extracted DNA. After that,
specific primers of TLR3 gene was designed according to target areas and then optimized with
reaction mixture to get copies of targeted genes, During PCR amplification, RTPCR
conditions were applied to find the specific annealing temperature which gives the maximum
amplification of target region and use the minimum reaction mixture to get the desired results.
After DNA amplification through PCR, another technique named as a High-resolution
melting curve was used to find the percentage of mutational occurrence is controlled and
HCV patient, which leads to identifying the progression of disease in individuals. By applying
the HRM method, some values were extracted to estimate the chance of occurrence of
heterozygous condition TC for the TLR3 gene in both HCV and control patients which are
0.039 and for homozygous condition CC was 0.017. There was a significant difference
between the dominant and recessive models as 4 (4%) of control and 11 (6%) of HCV patients
shows chi-square value for TC+TT as 0.86(0.57-1.29) and p-value as 0.538. On the other
hand, the recessive model gave a value of 8.24 for 57(57%) control and 43(43%) HCV
patients.We assumed that HCV infection may intrude with the appearance and role of TLR3, a sensor
of ssRNA. Investigating any effect on TLR3 by HCV may disclose a new mechanism for
HCV immune evasion. In conclusion, the Hepatitis C Virus manipulates specific TLR3
function and expression and their signaling pathways disturb cytokine production. HCV
modifies TLR3, a viral recognition receptor, via decreasing mRNA constancy which could
enable the illusion of host immune observation. There was an association between the
occurrence of HCC and infection with HCV in Pakistan.